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Socio-Economic

From toxic emissions to health effects – case study in Krakow 2004-2006 Overview – Overall results Jose M. Jimenez – (Project Leader). From toxic emissions to health effects: An integrated emissions, air quality and health impacts case study in Krakow, PO. Changes in energy production,.

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Socio-Economic

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  1. From toxic emissions to health effects – case study in Krakow2004-2006Overview – Overall resultsJose M. Jimenez – (Project Leader)

  2. From toxic emissions to health effects:An integrated emissions, air quality and health impacts case study in Krakow, PO Changes in energy production, Transport, industry… Socio-Economic D DPSIR rivers WP1 Emissions from mobile and stationary sources WP2 Environmental P ressures WP5 WP4 Abatement policies EU, National and local levels Change in the level of contaminants in the air Policy Environmental WP3 R S esponse tate Changes GIS WP6 I mpacts Impact on human health J. Niedzialek

  3. Project Objectives-Deliverables • Scientific information to the Polish Environmental • Authorities for the definition of emission abatement • strategies in Malopolska region: • Levels and characteristics of PM in Krakow and Zakopane (Chemical composition, size distribution, Indoor/outdoor…) • Origin of PM: Source apportionment • Modeling tools. Assessment of scenarios, Cost-Benefit,… • Health Implications • Scientific contribution to the understanding of the • problem of Particulate Matter (PM) for the development • of an EU wide approach in support to the implementation • of CAFÉ programme.

  4. PM in EUROPE 2010 2000 2020 PM 2.5 anthropogenic contribution (CAFE Baseline Scenario). Grid-average concentrations, annual mean [µg/m3] from known anthropogenic sources excluding sec. org. aerosols.

  5. PM 10 levels Daily averages- 2005 CAMPAIGN 15-22Jan + 29Jan-5th Feb.

  6. Indoor / Outdoor PM 10 • Outdoor Air Quality determines Indoor Air Quality • Low PM 10 outdoor => Indoor PM Sources are Relevant

  7. indoor/outdoor Apt. 1 Indoor 800.000 single particle mass Spectra acquired % of particles Apt. 1 Outdoor Indoor and Outdoor particle populations are almost Identical % of particles

  8. AP1i AP1o COAL AP2i AP2o NO COAL indoor/outdoor Organic Nitrogen Particles- (C H N) % of particles This type of particles are more present inside than outside (both in Stoves and district heating apartments)  Indoor source. (Cooking,…)

  9. PM Size distribution NOWA HUTA 22-JAN-2005 15-JAN-2005 Particle size distribution: Particles < 1.0 µm account for > 90% of PM10 (during the campaign) Ratio observed in Milan 2003 was 80 %

  10. Source Apportionment of PM

  11. PM Chemical Composition PAH’s Average concentration in PM during the two episodes Limit value 1 ng/m3 (For the total content in the PM10 fraction averaged over a calendar year)

  12. PM Chemical Composition (Metals) Assessment Threshold for the Assessment Threshold for the total content in the PM10 fraction total content in the PM10 fraction averaged over a calendar year. averaged over a calendar year. Directive 2004/107/EC. Directive 1999/30/EC. Assessment Threshold for the Assessment Threshold for the total content in the PM10 fraction total content in the PM10 fraction averaged over a calendar year. averaged over a calendar year. Directive 2004/107/EC. Directive 2004/107/EC. ng/m3 ng/m3 As Pb 10 500 8 400 6 300 4 200 2 100 0 0 Domestic coal Urban Traffic site Industrial area Sub-urban Domestic coal Urban background Traffic site Industrial area Sub-urban heating district background mountain site heating district mountain site POLI AGRI TRAFIC INDU ZACO POLI AGRI TRAFIC INDU ZACO ng/m3 ng/m3 Ni Cd 10 20 15 5 10 5 0 0 Domestic coal Urban background Traffic site Industrial area Sub-urban Domestic coal Urban background Traffic site Industrial area Sub-urban heating district mountain site heating district mountain site POLI AGRI TRAFIC INDU ZACO POLI AGRI TRAFIC INDU ZACO Average concentration in PM during the two episodes

  13. Dioxins Soil and conifers sampling

  14. Impact on Health • 7 days intensive measurement campaign including 20 apartments. (10 coal heated, 10 district heating) • 308 apartments – 657 persons. Epidemiological questionnaire (interview) + health examination (Lung function test) • Findings: • Inhabitants of Coal Heated apts. Respiratory symptoms: Chronic cough, chronic obstructive pulmonary, lung functioning • The Krakow project confirmed and strengthened the • evidence for impact of PM on health. (APHEIS,…)

  15. High levels of PM: Daily Exceedences, yearly average…. High level of Toxic organic compounds in the air e.g. Benzo (a) Pyrene. Values of toxic metals: Pb,As,Cd,Ni below the limit Low size of the PM. (PM1 >90%) Evidence of negative impact on health in population exposed to higher levels of PM Emission abatement strategies should take into account Coal (heating) as the main source of PM Cost benefit analysis of scenarios positive but requires significative investment / regulatory intervention Overall Conclusions

  16. Project Partners (1) • Malopolska Governor Office • Chief Inspectorate for Environmental Protection • Voivodship Inspectorate for Environmental Protection in Krakow • Krakow Municipal Office • Jagiellonian University • Polish- Italian Foundation S. Raphael • Central Mining Institute • National Environmental Research Institute (NERI, Denmark) • US-EPA • University of Helsinki • University of Sofia • NILU & NILU Polska • Warsaw Polytechnic • AGH University of Science and Technology • Technical University of Lodz • Institute of Meteorology and water Management (Krakow Branch)

  17. Project partners (2) • European Commission - Joint Research Centre: • Institute for Environment and Sustainability • Transport and Air Quality Unit (Project Leadership)Climate Change Unit • Rural-Water & Ecosystem Unit • Institute for Prospective and Technological Studies Sustainability in Industry, Energy and Transport Unit • Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements Isotope Measurements Unit

  18. Thanks to all the participants in the project for the very constructive spirit shown during these two years Thanks to the audience for their participation in the scientific discussions during these 2 days Special acknowledgement to the staff of the “Voivodship Inspectorate for Environmental Protection in Krakow” for their continuous and enthusiastic contribution

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