C hange of the industrial structure and human activity spaces in Chinese mining citie s

1. Change of the industrial structure and human activity spaces in Chinese mining cities LIU Yungang （Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou,China) (E-mail: liuyung@mail.sysu.edu.cn) 刘云刚，中山大学

2. My research approach 理论 (THEORY） 系统地理学 (Systematic Geog- raphy) 逻辑 (LOGIC） 地图学 (Cartography） 语言 (Words） 数学 (Mathematics） 事实 (FACTS） 区域地理学 (Regional Geog- raphy) Source：Bunge.W（1966） Begin from FACTS or THEORY? Let’s discover the FACTS first！

3. My research approach • Focus local places • discover →explanation/analysis →construct the framework →explanation/comparison → theory

4. Emerged with resource development Located on main resource areasand mining industry areas become the main problem areas in China after Reformation The characteristics of Chinese mining city

5. Distribution of Chinese mining cities • According to our definition, 58 organizational cities are identified as mining cities. • The mining cities can be divided in terms of type of mines into colliery cities, oil-field cities, metal-mining cities, and nonmetal-mining cities. • They mainly locate in the Northeast China and the Central China.

6. Population of Chinese mining cities 1/5 population of total cities are in the mining cities

7. Two great developed Stage Be on the decline? The second stage The first stage

8. % Average of all Chinese cities RMB GDP/P and its rate of increase(1984-2005) Low rates, but no minus

9. 9 Mao-Ming Dong-Ying 8 Zao-Zhuang Average of all Chinese cities Pu-Yang 7 Shuo-zhou Rate of increase（1984-2005）（%） Lai-Wu 6 5 4 Xu-Zhou 3 Tang-Shan 2 Da-Tong An-Shan 1 Fu-Shun 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Population,2005（10thousand） Population and its rate of increase Low rates, but no minus

10. The question & The point • Compares with western countries, Chinese mining cities developed with larger population scale, the increasing industry, increasing population, Low rates, but no minus, no decline. • “Sustainable development”?

11. A case study of Liaoyuan City • In North-East China, JILIN • Upland • Average-temperature 5.2℃ • Average-precipitation 666.5mm • Coal developed since 1911s. • Population:450,000 Song-Liao Plain Chang-Bai Mountains 遼源市 Liaoyuan City

12. Dropped off, the coal output Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅱ Private Wartime Control Rationalization with Reformation Developed in Planned Economy

13. But, the population have no dropped off

14. The main industries dropped off 10,000 person

15. Especially the State-owned and Collective enterprises

16. A high unemployment society is forming

17. Many People move out of Liaoyuan? population move into the city population move out of the city Family registration data, by Liaoyuan yearbook

18. The main industries have declined ,but population have not scaled down Although the unemployment is rising, the population have not moved out. A study: where are the people living? • Why does not the unemployment move out? Where are they living? How are they making their living in the city?

19. A background: divided urban space Mining area (old area ) (Xi’an district) subsidence area Mining bureau Direction of expansion Municipal government Newly developing area (Longshan distric) The development zone

20. lowest highest （元/ｍ2） The distribution of the basic price of land using Mining bureau The basic price of land using Municipal government Yuan/m2

21. Mining area

22. newly developing area

23. Trends of the population increase

24. On the background of the differentiation of residence, the population increase continue only in Longshan district. In Xi’an district, the population didn’t decrease, but also didn’t increase. A hypothesis Hypothesis: The impoverished and unemployment people are moving into the mining area. And most of them live there.

25. Theme: The human activity spaces in Liaoyuan city Subject: If the most of unemployment are moving into the mining area and live there? Time: 2005/02/25-2005/03/02 Respondents: extracted 50 households separately from 2 housing plots along the Kuandian street (the main street in Liaoyuan city). Questionnaire survey

26. Compare the income The source of income Income Xi’an Longshan The poor mainly live in Xi’an district. Much of them get income beyond salary, or no earned income.

27. Compare the Danwei and the occupation Danwei the householder belonged to the occupation of the householder

28. Graduated from The age and education Education structure of the householder age age Age structure of the householder Graduated from

29. the second-generation living together (N=29×2) the occupation of the second-generation Age structure of the householder

30. The electrical appliances

31. The difference of life style The activities on holidays The frequency of eating out

32. the polarization of human activity spaces • Xi’an-district (Mining area)becomes the main area where the poor and the unemployment live. • The living conditions between mining area and newly developed area are quite different. The polarization human activity spaces forms. • Why does the polarization appear? House and Job, The Danwei regulation

33. Solutions to housing

34. Most of the inhabitants no idea to move out of the city Expected place to movement The years have Lived in the city

35. No education Qualification Worked in the hospital affiliated with Mining bureau Worked in the Mining bureau from 1961. Monthly salary ,35 yuan (until 1985) Retired in 2000. Retirement pension, 440 yuan every month. The retirement pension was received from Mining bureau every month Borrowed a house for marriage in 1961. Got a house (30 m2) for the allocation of Danwei in1962 The house was destroyed in1982. Rent a house (paid 10 yuan monthly) In 2000,house relocation. Bought a new house . Paid 20,000 yuan, got the property certification. For example: the experience of Z(65 years old, male)

36. The factors limited the migration of the habitants: work,house→ Danwei The polarization of human activity spaces: newly developed area and mining area The local area’s poverty issues and environmental issues arelocalized to a small area gradually. Conclusion New area Old area Problem area

37. Project: Urban Governance in problems areas Because of the Danwei regulation, most of unemployment menstill strand in the city instead of moving towards to the other cities. Moreover, the difference in the reformation of Danwei regulations also accelerates the polarization of human activity spaces. As a result ,the scale of the poverty and environment issues reduce. New topics are introduced. Urban Governance, Politics…… End