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Lecture 7. Glotallization Other Consonants. Dr. Ganaa Associate Professor. Glottalization.
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Lecture 7. GlotallizationOther Consonants Dr. Ganaa Associate Professor
Glottalization • Glottalization is the complete or partial closure of the glottis during the articulation of another sound. Glottalization of vowels and voicedconsonants is most often realized as creaky voice (partial closure). Glottalization of voiceless consonants usually involves complete closure of the glottis; another way to describe this phenomenon is to say that a glottal stop is made simultaneously with another consonant. In certain cases, the glottal stop can even wholly replace the voiceless consonant.
Glottal reinforcement • When a phoneme is accompanied (either sequentially or simultaneously) by a [ʔ], then one speaks of pre-glottalization or glottal reinforcement. This is very common in all varieties of English, RP included; /t/ is the most affected but /p/, /k/, and even occasionally /tʃ/[3] are also affected. In the English dialects exhibiting pre-glottalization, the consonants in question are usually glottalized in the coda position. E.g. "what" [wɒʔt], "fiction" [fɪʔkʃən], "milkman" [mɪlʔkmaen], "opera" [ɒʔpɹə]. To a certain extent, there is free variation in English between glottal replacement and glottal reinforcement[1].
Glottal replacement • When a phoneme is completely substituted by a glottal stop [ʔ], one speaks of glottaling or glottal replacement. This is, for instance, very common in Cockney and Estuary English. In these dialects, the glottal stop is an allophone of /p/, /t/, and /k/ word-finally and when preceded by a stressed vowel and followed by an unstressed vowel (this also includes syllabic /l/ /m/ and /n/). E.g "city" [sɪʔɪ], "bottle" [bɒʔəɫ], "Britain" [bɹɪʔən], "seniority" [siːniɒɹəʔi].
T-glottalization • T-glottalization is a process that occurs for many English speakers, that causes the phoneme /t/ to be pronounced as the glottal stop [ʔ] in certain positions. • The earliest mentions of the process are in Scotland during the 19th century, when Henry Sweet commented on the phenomenon. David Crystal claims that the sound can be heard in RP speakers from the early 20th century such as Daniel Jones, Bertrand Russell and Ellen Terry.[1] The Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary claims that t-glottalisation is now most common in London, Leeds, Edinburgh and Glasgow.[2] • In RP, /t/ may be fully replaced by a glottal stop, especially before a syllabic nasal[3][4]: • not now – [nɒʔ naʊ] • department – [dəpɑːʔmɪnt] • button – [bɐʔn̩] • Among younger RP-speakers t-glottalization can also be heard finally before vowels or in absolute final position: • pick it up – [pɪk ɪʔ ʌp] • Let's start – [lɛts stɑːʔ], [lɛs stɑːʔ] or [lɛʔs stɑːʔ] • what – [wɔʔ] • but – [bʌʔ] • get – [ɡɛʔ] • foot – [fʊʔ]
In many dialects of British English, all intervocalic "t"'s are realized as [ʔ]. In Cockney this is generally the case. Such glottalization leads to pronunciations like the following: • batter – [bæʔə] • beater – [biʔə] • biter – [baɪʔə] • bitter – [bɪʔə] • butter – [bʌʔə] • betting – [bɛʔɪŋ] • pity – [pɪʔi] • T-glottalization has been known to have been spreading in Southern England at a faster rate than th-fronting. Intervocalically within a word, t-glottalization remains excluded from RP, hence, RP has [sɪti] rather than the [sɪʔi] of Cockney. Nevertheless, the increased use of glottal stops within RP is believed to be an influence from Cockney and other working-class urban speech. It also tends to be somewhat common in the United States though heavier in the western state of Colorado. • Recent studies (Milroy, Milroy &Walshaw 1994, Fabricius 2000) have suggested that t-glottalization is increasing in RP speech. Prince Harry frequently glottals his Ts[5]; the Royal Family are traditionally considered to speak RP in his highest form. One study carried out by Anne Fabricus suggests that t-glottalization is increasing in RP, and the reason for this being the dialect levelling of the Southeast. She has argued that a wave-like profile of t-glottalization has been going on through the regions which has begun with speakers in London, due to the influence of Cockney. She says that this development is due to the population size of the capital, as well as London's dominance of the Southeast of England.
