Psychology

1. Psychology • Scientific study of the behavior of individuals and their mental processes • Scientific method-(set of steps) • Behavior (adjustment to environment) • Individual • Mental process (human mind)

2. Goals • Describe-data, observations, analysis

3. Goals • Explain-find patterns, why? • Orgasmic: inner determinants of an organism • Dispositional: in human or animal occurrences of organismic variables • Situational or environmental variables: external influence

4. Goals • Predicting • Scientific vs. Causal • Scientific-relation of events • Casual-condition under change

5. Goals • Control • starting, stopping, maintaining, strengthening, weakening a behavior

6. History of Psychology • Socrates, Plato, Aristotle • mind controlled by person, not gods • Dualism (1600) • mind+body separate • Descartes-Mind controls body (1596-1650)

7. William Wundt (1879) • 1st experimental Psy. Lab • Structuralism • Study of the structure of mind + behavior • All human mental experience can be understood as a combination of simple elements or events • Rejections to structuralism • Reductionism-over simplified • Elemental-did not look at whole • Mentalistic-only verbal human

8. William James (1890) Functionalism -learned habits that enabled organism to adapt, function and survive in their environment

9. John Dewey (1920’s) • Founded the school of functionalism

10. Modern Psychological Approaches • Biological • Focus on genes, brain, nervous and endocrine systems to identify behaviors • Psychodynamic • Driven by powerful inner forces • Unconscious • Freud • Behaviorist • Measurable or observable behavior • Humanistic • People in inherently good, striving for maximum potential • Rogers, Maslow • Cognitive • Stresses human thought • Evolutionary • Mental abilities adapted over millions of years

11. Psychology • Scientific study of the behavior of individuals and their mental processes • Scientific method-(set of steps) • Behavior (adjustment to environment) • Individual • Mental process (human mind)

12. Scientific Method • Hypothesis • Test hypothesis • Organize and report on Data • Conclusion

13. Bias • Due to personal motives, expectations

14. Standardization • Uniform procedures in treating things in an experiment

15. Variable • Factor that varies in amount or kind

16. Independent vs. Dependent • Free to vary vs. acted upon (changes)

17. Confounding Variable • Stimulus other than the variable an experimenter explicitly introduces

18. Expectancy Effects • Experimenter manipulates the situation creating expected result.

19. Placebo effect

20. Control Procedures • Double blind • Keep both assistants + participant unaware • Between Subject designs • Random assignment

21. Representative Sample • Cannot get everyone take small sample that represents population

22. Within-subjects design • Use subject as their own control

23. A-B-A Design • A-baseline • B-treatment • A-Return to Baseline

24. Correlation Methods • Figure which 2 variables, traits, or attributes are related • correlation coefficient (r) • 1.0 to –1.0

25. Reliability • Test produces similar scores each time

26. Validity • Test measures what it is intended to measure

27. Self Reported Measures • Observe and report one’s own behavior

28. Behavioral Measures • Overt actions + reactions that are observed + recorded not self reported

29. Case Study • Intensive study of one or a few

30. Ethics • Risk vs. Brains • Informed consent • Intentional Deception • Animals

31. Goals • Describe-data, observations, analysis

32. Goals • Explain-find patterns, why? • Orgasmic: inner determinants of an organism • Dispositional: in human or animal occurrences of organismic variables • Situational or environmental variables: external influence

33. Goals • Predicting • Scientific vs. Causal • Scientific-relation of events • Casual-condition under change

34. Goals • Control • starting, stopping, maintaining, strengthening, weakening a behavior

35. History of Psychology • Socrates, Plato, Aristotle • mind controlled by person, not gods • Dualism (1600) • mind+body separate • Descartes-Mind controls body (1596-1650)

36. William Wundt (1879) • 1st experimental Psy. Lab • Structuralism • Study of the structure of mind + behavior • All human mental experience can be understood as a combination of simple elements or events • Rejections to structuralism • Reductionism-over simplified • Elemental-did not look at whole • Mentalistic-only verbal human

37. William James (1890) Functionalism -learned habits that enabled organism to adapt, function and survive in their environment

38. John Dewey (1920’s) • Founded the school of functionalism

39. http://youtube.com/watch?v=FeFDnS1DjKM • History of Psychology

40. Modern Psychological Approaches • Biological • Focus on genes, brain, nervous and endocrine systems to identify behaviors • Psychodynamic • Driven by powerful inner forces • Unconscious • Freud • Behaviorist • Measurable or observable behavior • Humanistic • People in inherently good, striving for maximum potential • Rogers, Maslow • Cognitive • Stresses human thought • Evolutionary • Mental abilities adapted over millions of years

41. Scientific Method • Hypothesis • Test hypothesis • Organize and report on Data • Conclusion

42. Bias • Due to personal motives, expectations

43. Standardization • Uniform procedures in treating things in an experiment

44. Variable • Factor that varies in amount or kind

45. Independent vs. Dependent • Free to vary vs. acted upon (changes)

46. Confounding Variable • Stimulus other than the variable an experimenter explicitly introduces

47. Expectancy Effects • Experimenter manipulates the situation creating expected result.

48. Placebo effect • No experimental manipulation

49. Placebo Effect • http://youtube.com/watch?v=MzjoKhBklYg

50. Control Procedures • Double blind • Keep both assistants + participant unaware • Between Subject designs • Random assignment