Sources:

2. 4. (15) Your company has had a recent rush of new orders, and you need to burn more coal to meet the demand. You need a permit for 10,000 tons of SO2 to avoid fines from the EPA when you burn this coal. How much will you pay for this permit? Check the ‘spot price’ at www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/details.cfm?id=1330. TAKE THE LISTED 2011 PRICE FOR YOUR CALCULATION. Is this a low or a high price? Why does it differ from the price a few years BEFORE?

4. Sources: R. Socolow, Scientific American, July 2005 Special section, Science 25 Sept. 2009

5. CCS=Carbon Capture and Sequestration Capture CO2 into some chemical from the exhaust stream of power plants. Release this CO2 into a pure stream. Compress or liquify it. Pump it deep into permeable or porous deposits, under impermeable cap rock. Already done to push oil out of the rock. Or, into deep brines where it will stay forever.

8. CO2 (dry ice)

9. FutureGennow FutureGen 2.0//futuregenalliance.com Demonstration ‘clean coal’ plant, high efficiency, CCS, making syngas. Burn the syngas, using IGCC. Capture the CO2 Mattoon IL, 2003, 275MWe, cost $1.8B 75% federal, 25% private Goal--CCS 1 million tons of CO2/year for four years Cancelled 2008, perhaps back to life

10. numbers • FutureGen to capture one million tons/year • US burns 109 tons of coal per year • 109 tons of coal x ½ carbon x 44/12 = 1.8 billion tons of CO2/year • FutureGen 106 tons/1.8x109 tons= 0.05%

11. IGCC • Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle • Coal to gas (C+H2OCO + H2) • Burn the gas in turbinespower • Hot turbine exhaust steampower • Efficiency ~ 60%! Now----Use separated oxygen, not air, exhaust stream nearly all CO2

13. Energy penalty 10 to 40% of the energy from the plant would be needed to do this, after the energy efficiency of the plant itself.

14. Then what? Lake Nyos, Cameroon, 1986 Naturally sequestered volcanic CO2 burst out, killing 1700 people, all animals within 25 km radius

17. Drawbacks to CCS Coal exhaust is only about 15% CO2 The technology, cost, energy to capture. How to deal with small sources. Storage dumps—forever! Liability The scale of the problem

18. Previous exam question • The world burns about 9 billion tons of coal each year, about half of which on average is carbon, making 16.5 billion tons of CO2, as in your recent homework, equal to 14.3 billion metric tonnes. The density of CO2 in its densest form as a liquid is 1100 kg/m3. If we were to bury the CO2 just from our coal burning, how many cubic meters of such liquid would we have to bury? Compare this volume to global petroleum production of 4.2 billion metric tonnes per year, at an average density of 900 kg/m3. What are you going to tell a policy maker considering Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)? • Answer--- this is about 3 times the volume of petroleum the world handles each year, all at high pressures and low temperatures.

19. Iron fertilization of the oceans Iron in the water is the limit to open ocean life. Add iron, plankton bloom, die, sink, carrying carbon to the bottom, forever. Visible from orbit.

21. Phytoplankton from space

22. Increase atmospheric albedo, reflect sunlight Natural experiment, Mt. Pinatubo (1991) Ejected 10 million tons of sulfur SO2sulfuric acid, nucleates water into clouds, which reflect sunlight. (acid rain)

24. Pinatubo

26. Change the human albedo Paint roofs etc to reflect.

28. Space mirrors Change the solar constant

29. Cloud yachts Spray mist into clouds, which will reflect sunlight.

30. Ship tracks

31. Drawbacks-albedo Must keep the albedo high, since the CO2 is still in the air. Local influences-rain

33. Obama position “not off the table”

34. Next week • Monday, HW # 6 is due Overview of carbon dioxide-- sources, impacts, mitigations. Preview of exam coverage • Wednesday EXAM II • Friday, introduction to ‘renewable’ energy = energy sources that do not put CO2 into the atmosphere