Chapter 33: The World in a New Century Section I: A Global Economy

1. Chapter 33: The World in a New Century Section I: A Global Economy TS World History

2. A. Economic system • Main Idea - A global economy is one in which the production, distribution, and sale of goods take place on a world- wide scale.

3. A. Economic System • Rich and Poor Nations • Industrialized nations are mainly located in the Northern Hemisphere. • Nations in the process of becoming industrialized, sometimes called developing nations, are located mainly in the Southern Hemisphere. • Examples of developing nations include India, most countries in Central America, and some African nations south of the Sahara.

4. A. Economic System • Economic Interdependence • Interdependence is the dependence of countries on goods, resources, and knowledge from other parts of the world. • Countries are always willing to trade with their allies but not with their enemies. • The World Trade Organization, or WTO was established in 1995 • The WTO is the only global international organization that deals with rules of trade between nations.

5. B. Workers of The World • Main Idea • Developed nations control much of the world’s capital, or wealth, trade, and technology.

6. B. Workers of the World • Worldwide Wages • By federal law, no employer was permitted to pay less than this wage: $5.15,in developed work places. • Many companies in developed nations are eager to build factories in developing countries because the workers are willing to accept lower wages • However, when a company moves its factories to another country, jobs are lost at home.

7. B. Workers of the World • Child Labor • Child labor work performed by a child younger than the defined legal age is common in some parts of the world. • Children might work because there is no school for them to attend or because the family needs the child’s wages in order to survive. • One of The World Bank recommendations is that developing nations, with the help of the international community, should help to improve the quality of education.

8. Chapter 33: The World in a New CenturySection II: Earth and the Environment

9. A. Pollution • Main Idea - Over the past century, economic development has taken a heavy toll on Earth’s environment. Much of the world’s water, air, and soil has been polluted and many natural resources have been used up.

10. A. Pollution • The Use of Pesticides • Pesticides are chemicals that are used to kill insects and weeds that destroy crops. • Pesticides that have been used to protect crops have sometimes caused illness in birds, animals, and humans. • Today, farmers use fewer harmful pesticides and fertilizers in order to protect the environment.

11. A. Pollution • Chemicals Disasters • Prince William Sound is an important fishing ground for salmon, halibut, and shrimp. • It is also home to wildlife such as seals, sea otters, birds, and whales. • The broken hull of the tanker Exxon Valdez released more than 10 million gallons of oil in the sound • The oil slick quickly spread over approximately 1,300 miles of shore line, killing wildlife and polluting waters.

12. A. Pollution • Acid Rain • Acid rain has become a major concern throughout the world • Acid rain is especially dangerous because it can travel hundreds of miles from the source of the pollution • Countries all over the world are working on ways to reduce acid rain

13. B. Impact of Population Growth • Main Idea - Overcrowding in these cities and in some metropolitan areas has led to many environmental problems, including pollution. A metropolitan area is a large city and its surrounding towns and smaller cities.

14. B. Impact of Population Growth • Endangered Animals and Plants • In recent years, hundreds of different plants and animal populations all over the world have shrunk alarmingly, mostly due to human causes. • These causes include overhunting, overfishing, urbanization that destroys habitats , climate changes, and pollution. • Throughout the world, biodiversity, the number and variety of plants and animals that make up an ecosystem, is threatened.

15. B. Impact of Population Growth • Waste Disposal • Industrialization and population also increases the amount of effective waste humans create. • Waste disposal is divided between consumer waste, which can be hazardous and must be discarded according to industry and government regulations. • Some people also compost biodegradable waste, such as kitchen scrap and plant cuttings, by mixing it with soil.

16. C. Earth’s Changing Environment • Main Idea • Over the past century, people have made great advances in technology. However, these advances have had some negative effect on the planet as a whole.

17. C. Earth’s Changing Environment • The Ozone Layer • In recent years, many scientists who study global climate have become concerned about Earth’s ozone layer. • Earth is surrounded by a layer of ozone, a natural gas, that protects it from the Sun’s ultraviolet rays. • Chemical compounds called chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, found in air conditioners, refrigerators, insulation, and packaging, drift into Earth’s atmosphere and react with the ozone, destroying it.

18. C. Earth’s Changing Environment • Global Warming • Most scientists believe that this will cause worldwide climate changes. This increase is known as global warming. • These gases stay in the upper atmosphere, trapping earth’s heat. • Carbon dioxide occurs naturally in the air, but humans actively add large amounts of this gas to the environment.

19. C. Earth’s Changing Environment • Efforts to protect Earth’s Atmosphere • People all over the world believe it is time to take action on global warming. • In 1997, representatives of more than 150 countries met in Kyoto, Japan, for a conference on the environment. • The conference members agreed to reduce worldwide emission of greenhouse gases by as little as 5% by 2010.

20. Chapter 33: The World in a New CenturySection III: Facing Global Challenges

21. A. Poverty and Disease • Main Idea - Many of the world’s people suffer from poverty and disease.

22. A. Poverty and Disease • Poverty and the United States • Many people work for a living at jobs that do not allow them to have such necessities as healthcare or adequate housing, especially in developing nations. • In its Millennium Report, the United Nations pledged to take steps to see that children throughout the world remain in school. • The UN intends to see that schools provide children with at least one nourishing meal per day.

23. A. Poverty and Disease • Fighting Malnutrition • All human beings need certain nutrients, or vitamins and minerals, in order to enjoy good health. • Many children around the world under the age of the five die of malnutrition every year • Wealthy nations are trying to combat malnutrition by donating food and sending relief workers to countries in Africa south of the Sahara, eastern Europe, and other areas that have been devastated by war.

24. A. Poverty and Disease • Battling the AIDS Virus • In 2001, the United Nations reported that an estimated 36.1 million people were infected with some form of the AIDS virus. • AIDS has no cure, but a patient under treatment can live a long and productive life. • Organizations such as Doctors Without Borders have persuaded drug companies to offer medicine to developing countries at huge discounts.

25. B. The World’s Population • Main Idea • Overpopulation and human rights are two of the challenges faced by today’s leaders.

26. B. The World’s Population • The Problems of Overpopulation • Improved diet and healthcare throughout the developed world and in developing countries means that people are living longer. • Water, food, housing, and jobs are all basic things that people need in order to survive. • The United Nations is working with governments to develop ways of providing safe drinking water to these countries.

27. B. The World’s Population • Human Rights • Human rights are the basic freedoms that all people should have. • In China, citizens have not enjoyed freedom of speech. • The government may take citizens’ passports at any time.

28. B. The World’s Population • Achieving Literacy • In today’s world, literacy means more than being able to read and write. • Literacy also includes being able to do simple arithmetic and to apply one’s knowledge to solving problems. • The United Nations reports that about 113 million school-age children today do not go to school.

29. B. The World’s Population • Modernization Versus Tradition • Modern communications and speed of travel have made the world seem very small. • Western styles seem to be everywhere in the world, modern products invite consumers to purchase them. • The majority of the people in the world are relatively poor

30. C. Conflicts Throughout the World • Main Idea - The world faces many challenges, including regional conflicts and the rises of terrorism.

31. C. Conflicts Throughout the World • Participation in the Political Process • Although there are still some hereditary monarchies, a few Communist governments, and some military dictatorship, a great deal of progress toward democracy has been made. • As education and communications have improved, more and more people have demanded the right to choose their own leaders. • Throughout the world, people are able for the first time to learn about other cultures and ideas

32. C. Conflicts Throughout the World • Regional Conflicts • At the beginning of the twenty-first century, many countries were torn by violence within their own boundaries. • For all the violence, however, there is still hope for peace. • In some cases, talks are already underway to resolve the conflicts.

33. C. Conflicts Throughout the World • The Rise of Terrorism • Terrorism has been a worldwide problem for many years. • The Middle East and others terrorists have demonstrated their hatred of the United States through various attacks, include the destruction of the World Trade Center in New York and the attack on the Pentagon, near Washington D.C. in 2001 - New Technology is being used to make certain that no weapons can be brought on board planes, trains, or buses.

34. C. Conflicts Throughout the World • The War on Terrorism • The United States began the war on terrorism abroad in the country of Afghanistan. • There, the Taliban government protected the terrorist Osama Bin Laden and his Al Qaeda followers. • The United States wanted the Taliban to stop protecting Bin Laden, but the Taliban refused.

35. C. Conflicts Throughout the World • Responding to Nuclear Threats • As the Cold War ended, many nations began the slow process of reducing their number of nuclear weapons. • Despite setbacks in reducing nuclear weapons around the world, the ideas behind the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty are still viewed as valid. • The United States and its allies had been concerned about the possibility that Iraq was stockpiling chemicals, and biological, and nuclear weapons and could launch an attack.

36. Chapter 33: The World in a New Century Section IV: Looking to the Future

37. A. Technology Improves the Human Condition • Main Idea - Scientific research is being used to fight world hunger and identify genes that may lead to new medicines and cures

38. A. Technology Improves the Human Condition • The Green Revolution • The Green Revolution could be called a battle to provide the world’s growing population with enough food for all. • Scientist were certain that they could develop new varieties of plants that were heartier and easier to grow than existing ones. • In 1944, Norman Borlaug, an American scientist worker in Mexico, developed a high-yielding wheat plant

39. A. Technology Improves the Human Condition • The Genetics Revolution • Every cell in the human body contains genes that are passed on from parents to a child. • These genes determine how a person’s cells will function. • In 1990, scientists began some project to understand the human genetic code.

40. B. Into Outer Space • Main Idea - Space exploration, both manned and unmanned, has allowed the world to see places that have not been explored before.

41. B. Into Outer Space • Challenges To Space Exploration • During the 1970s, researchers at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) created the technology of the space shuttle. • The space shuttle served as a reusable rocket and spacecraft, allowing astronauts to use the same craft to enter orbit repeatedly. • In more than 20 years of its operation, the space shuttle program has suffered two major setbacks. January 28, 1981, the shuttle Challenger exploded after liftoff. On February 1, 2003, The space shuttle Columbia fell apart several times which killed all seven astronauts.

42. B. Into Outer Space • Space Mission in the New Century • In 1988, the United States began working with 14 other countries to build an International Space Station. • The Hubble Space Telescope, launched in 1990, sends pictures that operate in space. • Recent space missions have involved spacecraft with no crews on board.

43. C. Technology In Communications • Main Idea - Internet and other technological advances have increased communication among people all over the world.

44. C. Technology In Communications • Televisions and Telephones • Today, 98% of American households have televisions. • Cable and digital television have improved access and reception and made hundreds of channels available. • Cell phones are used today by hundreds of millions of people around the world, in developed countries as well as in developing countries.

45. C. Technology In Communications • The Internet • Computers around the world can be connected to one another. • The World Wide Web, introduced in 1991, has made it easier for people to use the Internet. • Through the World Wide Web, people can now read a foreign newspaper, purchase airline tickets, find the text of a political speech, check the day’s weather forecast, and send written or photographic messages to friends, all while sitting at a computer.

46. C. Technology In Communications • Challenges and Hopes • In the twenty-first century, people around the world wonder what new challenges await them. • When faced with new challenges, people must come together . • Nations have begun to realize that they are all dependent on other nations. • In the future, people all over the world will draw strength from their diversity and their commitment for freedom and equality.

47. THE END