The Islamic Empires of the 16 th Century

1. The Islamic Empires of the 16th Century

2. The Islamic Empires Three of the greatest empires in world history dominate the Near East and South Asia from 1500-1800 Ottoman Empire (Balkans, Middle East & Eastern Europe) Safavid Empire (Persia) Mogul Empire (India)

3. Safavid Empire Ottoman Empire Mogul Empire

4. The Ottoman Empire (1299-1923) In 10th century, Turkic nomads enter Middle East & convert to Islam Fierce warriors, many settle down and become like their Byzantine and Persian neighbors 100 years later, they found the Ottoman Empire

5. The Ottoman Empire (1299-1923) • Mehmet II (r. 1451-1481) • Expands the Ottoman Empire • into Southern Europe • Conquers Constantinople! • (1453) • Becomes capital • of Ottoman • Empire

6. Topkapi Palace (built 1463)

7. Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566) • Conquered much ofNorth Africa, Central Europe, Eastern Mediterranean, relied on gunpowder • Called the “Lawgiver” for government reform, cultural achievements and simplifying system of taxation • Controlled trade routes into interior

8. The Ottoman Empire (1299-1923)

9. The Ottoman Empire (1299-1923) • Strong central government • State religion: Sunni Islam • Followed Islamic law (sharia) • Other religions tolerated • Arts, sciences and literature flourish

10. The Safavid Dynasty (1501-1722) Shah Ismail I : Founder Came to power at age twelve Conquered Persia (modern-day Iran) Took title of “Shah” (king)

11. The Safavid Empire (1501-1722) Strong central government State religion: Shia Islam Large wealthy middle class: people rich from trade Golden Age of 1588-1629 (under Shah Abbas I): increased knowledge in science, medicine, mathematics and the arts Safavid Empire most famous for its silk and carpet weavings

12. “Youthful Lovers” by Reza Abbasi (1565–1635)

13. The Safavid Dynasty (1501-1722)

14. The TajMahal (1648)

15. Babur (1494-1530) • Age eleven: inherited kingdom in Central Asia • Elders took it away and drove him to the south • Raised army, swept south into modern-day India and laid foundation for the Mogul Empire

16. Akbar (1556-1605) • Known as the “Great One” • Expanded the Mogul Empire throughout Indian Subcontinent • Equipped army with heavy artillery • Very religiously tolerant: created a peaceful India for Hindus and Muslims • Turned enemies into allies • Unified land of 100 million people

17. The Mogul Empire (1526-1857) Located in India Moguls: Muslim rulers descended from Genghis Khan Early Mogul Empire noted for religious tolerance Produced finest and most elegant art and architecture in the history of Muslim dynasties in India Both Hindu and Muslim artists collaborated Empire commanded wealth and resources unparalleled in Indian history

18. The Mogul Empire (1526-1857)

19. China in the 16th Century: The Ming Dynasty

20. The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)

21. The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) Kublai Khan dies in 1294 and the Mongols lose control of China A series of rebellions drive them out In 1368, a rebel leader named Zhu Yuanzhang becomes Emperor. He unites the country and sets up his capital at Nanjing in southern China. There, he founds the Ming, or “Brilliant,” dynasty.

22. The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) After 30 years, his son Yong Le becomes Emperor 1421: Yong Le moves the capital north to Beijing and builds a large area of palaces and government buildings known as the Imperial City The center of the Imperial City was known as the Forbidden City. Yong Le

23. The Forbidden City

24. The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) • Ming Dynasty considered “one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history.” • Why? • Ming emperors made all the decisions but educated officials carry out their orders. • Every few years Ming officials compiled a census to collect taxes more accurately. • In the early years of the Ming dynasty, China’s economy began to grow.

25. Rising Economy • Canals and farms destroyed by the Mongols are rebuilt • Forests are planted and new roads paved • Agriculture thrived on new farmland • Grand Canal repaired: rice and other goods could be shipped north to south • New types of rice imported from southeast Asia • This helped feed the growing number of people living in cities

26. Rising Economy The Ming supported silk industry and encouraged farmers to grow cotton and weave cloth. China becomes wealthy through production of fine silk, cloth, paper, pearls, and porcelain.

27. The Voyages of Zheng He

28. The Seven Expeditions of Zheng He (1405-1433) Early Ming emperors curious about the world outside of China They wanted the rest of the world to know about China So, they built a huge fleet of ships From 1405 to 1431, Emperor Yong Le sent the fleet on seven overseas voyages. He wanted to trade with other kingdoms, show off China’s power, and demand that weaker kingdoms pay tribute. The leader of these journeys was a Chinese Muslim and court official named Zheng He.

29. Zheng He (1371-) Born to Hui people in modern-day southwestern Yunnan Province, still under Mongol influence Religious affiliation: Islam, syncretism with Taoism and Buddhism Taken to Nanjing as a eunuch to serve in Ming Imperial Household; becomes Head Eunuch Confidant of the Third Emperor of the Ming Dynasty Appointed Admiral: as a Muslim he could more easily negotiate with Muslim merchants on Indian Ocean

30. The Seven Expeditions of Zheng He (1405-1433) Seven naval expeditions to over 30 countries sponsored by the Ming in order to: Establish/maintain Chinese presence in SE Asia Impress foreigners from the Indian Ocean Impose imperial control over trade Extend tributary system and collect pledges of loyalty from other kingdoms

31. The Seven Expeditions of Zheng He (1405-1433) Over 300 ships including 62 treasure ships (called junks) 28,000 crew: sailors, clerks, interpreters, officers, soldiers, artisans, doctors, traders, astrologers Largest naval force in world history before World War I

32. Another example contrasting ship size… • The largest ship was over 440 ft long, making it more than five times as long as the Santa Maria that Christopher Columbus sailed 90 years later.

33. The Voyages of Zheng He

34. The Seven Expeditions of Zheng He (1405-1433) • Zheng He took his first fleet to SE Asia. • In later voyages he reached India, sailed up the Persian Gulf to Arabia, and even landed in East Africa • He traded Chinese goods, like silk, paper and porcelain for black silver, spices, wood and other goods. • When he was in Africa he bought giraffes and other animals for the Emperor’s zoo. • As a result of these voyages, Chinese merchants settled in Southeast Asia and India where they traded goods and spread Chinese culture.

35. The Voyages End • Despite the benefits of the voyages many Chinese officials didn’t want them • They thought they were too expensive • They also thought it was bad for China to be exposed to new ideas from the outside world: • Confucius taught that people should place loyalty to society ahead of their own desires and to the Chinese officials, China’s merchants were disobeying this by working to gain money for themselves. • After Zheng He’s death in 1433, the Confucian officials persuaded the new emperor to stop the voyages. • The boats were taken apart and no more were allowed to be built. • China’s trade with other countries declined and within 50 years, the shipbuilding technology was forgotten.

36. The Voyages of Zheng He

37. Native Peoples of the Americas

38. Following Slides: Homework and Worksheets

39. Compare/Contrast: The Ottoman, Safavid and Mogul Empires Name: Date: Geographic Social and Economic Political and Military Religious and Cultural Ottomans Safavids Moguls What do they hold in common?