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Islamic Empires: Rise and Decline 1450-1800

Explore the rise and decline of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires, religious tensions, cultural conservatism, and their impact on trade, agriculture, and society during the 15th to 18th centuries. Discover key figures, essential questions, famous buildings, and empires in transition.

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Islamic Empires: Rise and Decline 1450-1800

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  1. The Islamic Empires 1450 - 1800

  2. Concepts & Terms • Ethnocentrism • Safi al-Din • Sulemaniye Mosque • Imams • Mullahs • Shah • Padishah • Janissaries • Vizier • Chalderan • Isfahan • Sikhs • Marattas

  3. People • Mehmed II • Abbas I [Great] • Babur • Humayan • Akbar • Din-i-Ilahi • Nadir Khan Afsher • Mumtaz Mahal • Aurangzeb • Nur Jahan • Isma’il • Safi al-Din

  4. Ottoman

  5. Safavid

  6. Essential Questions • How did the Shi’a / Sunni split effect relations in Dar al-Islam 1450 to 1800? • What is the political difference b/w the Ottomans and the Safavids? • How does cultural conservatism impact the future of the Ottoman Empire? • Why is there little impact from the biological exchanges of exploration in Dar al-Islam?

  7. Ottoman Empire • Osman Bey • Founder • Central Asian steppes- original location [Turks] • Powerful military • Ghazi - light cavalry • Janissaries – slave troops • DEVSHIRME – Balkan contributions • Young Christian boys – slave tribute • Captured Constantinople 1453 – Istanbul • Expanded into Serbia, Greece, Albania

  8. Constantinople / Istanbul

  9. Ottoman Expansion • Suleiman the Magnificent [1495-1556] • Into Syria– Egypt -Southwest Asia • Middle East • Into Europe • To Vienna, Italy, Malta • Powerful navy • Challenged European fleets • Lepanto – defeated by Spain 1571

  10. Ottoman – Safavid Rivalry • Ottomans • Ruled from Turkey • Sunni • Persecuted Shia • Secular Government • Victory at Chalderan • Safavid: [Shah] • Shia • Successors of Persia • Less secular • Ruled from Iran • Defeated Uzbeks • Central Asia

  11. Safavid Empire / Shah Abbas

  12. Mughal Dynasty • Babur • Descendent of Timur I lang • Akbar • Centralized government • Expanded into southern India • Aurangzeb • Entire Indian subcontinent • Provoked the hostility of Hindus • Taxation & destroyed Hindu temples

  13. Ottoman Imperial Rule • Dynastic state [not Islamic state] • Military creation • Prestige & authority derived from piety • Sultans: [Turk Ruler] • Ruled w/o regard to religious or social traditions • Contested succession

  14. Agriculture • Food and cash crops • Wheat & rice • Tobacco • Coffee houses b/c popular • American crops did not impact greatly • Result > low population growth

  15. Trade • Ottoman & Safavid • Occupied trade routes • Active involvement in global trade • Precludes the need to participate in New World trade. • Mughal • Not as focused on trade • Empire was enriched by trade • Because of location

  16. Wealth Through Trade

  17. Religion & Empire • Diversity often challenged rule • Christian missions • Goa - center of Portuguese missions • Jesuits - failed to convert Akbar who embraced the synchronized religion of Sikhs • Religious minorities • Conquered people protected • Cooperation b/w Muslims & Hindus

  18. Mughal GOA

  19. Famous Buildings

  20. Taj Mahal                  <>

  21. Islamic Capitals • ISTANBUL • Constantinople • Ottoman Empire • Topkapi Palace • Sultan’s residence • Suleymaniye • blend of Byzantine and Islamic elements • Fatehpur Sikri • abandoned b/c poor water supply • Mughal Empire • Taj Mahal • famous tomb and mosque

  22. Empires in Transition • Deterioration of Leadership 16th & 18th Centuries • negligent rulers - factions - corruption • Religious tensions b/c conservatives • Abandoned religious tolerance • Ottomans- protested telescope & printing press • Safavids-persecuted Sunnis, Sufis, non-Muslims • Mughals- Aurangzeb’s anti-Hindu policies

  23. Decline • ECONOMIC DECLINE • Reversal of expansion caused: • Official taxation • Corruption • Lost initiatives to European merchants • MILITARY DECLINE • Imported European weapons • No internal armament industries • Unable to maintain technological edge in armaments

  24. Cultural Insularity • Cultural Conservatism • Confident of cultural superiority • Ignored European cultural & technological developments • Ottomans: • Banned printing in Arabic & Turkish • Mughals: • no interest in printing technology • Islamic rulers preferred stability • avoided the risks of imported cultural & technological innovations

  25. Enduring Question • Give examples of cultural conservatism [cultural insularity] at work in the world today.

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