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Nigeria

This article provides an overview of Nigeria's history, political situation, economy, and major health problems. It discusses the country's first inhabitants, slave trade, independence, ethnic conflicts, dominant ethnic groups, religions, oil production, agriculture, and political leaders. It also covers the challenges faced in healthcare, including access to vaccinations, recurring polio, low life expectancy, and the top causes of death such as malaria, pneumonia, HIV, and diarrhea. The article explores various programs and initiatives aimed at addressing these health issues.

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Nigeria

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  1. Nigeria Group 2: Erica DeHaro, Oshmina Flores, Jennifer Sandoval, Kaci Nishimura, Cristina Alarcon HSC 420 T/Th 12:30pm October 9, 2014

  2. Map

  3. History • First inhabitants were the Nok People (500 BC-AD 200) • Nigerian slave trade • Oct 1, 1960 Nigeria gained its Independence • Severe ethnic conflicts led to a civil war • 250 ethnic groups but 3 largest dominant ethnic groups are Hausu, Yorubu, and Igbo • Christianity and Islam are the two main religions

  4. History (cont.) • One of the most developed economies • Leading member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries • World’s 5th largest oil producer • More than 50% of Nigeria’s population works in agriculture

  5. Political Situation • Civilian rule as of 1999 • Leader: Goodluck Jonathan • Militants from religious and ethnic groups are pursuing demands through violence • political power is unstable

  6. Economy • Africa’s leading oil producer • Corruption and mismanagement of oil has halted progress in government boosting country’s economy

  7. Wealth • Poverty in the North • Oil-rich Southeast

  8. Health • Southern residents have better access to healthcare • Access to vaccinations for polio, TB, Tetanus, & Diphtheria

  9. Health (cont.) • Some Northern states have boycotted immunization programs in the past, claiming they are a Western plot to make Muslim women infertile • Recurrence of polio • Vaccinations have now resumed

  10. Health Status • Ranked 187 of 191 in the world health report 2000 • 30 yrs of attempted health reform was unsuccessful • Life expectancy • 52 years from birth in Nigeria • 78 yrs from birth in USA • Mortality rate under 5 yrs old • 117 deaths per 1000 children born In Nigeria • 7 deaths per 1000 children born in the USA

  11. Major Health Problems • Top 5 Causes of Death in Nigeria: • Malaria • Low Respiratory Infection (Pneumonia) • HIV • Diarrhea Disease • Road Injuries

  12. Major Health Problems (cont.) • Malaria (20%) • “In Nigeria, the disease is responsible for 60% outpatient visits to health facilities, 30% childhood death, 25% of death in children under one year and 11% maternal death. The financial loss due to malaria annually is estimated to be about by 132 billion Naira in form of treatment costs, prevention, loss of man-hours etc; yet, it is a treatable and completely evitable disease”

  13. There are organizations in Africa made to help stop the spread of Malaria such as the National Malaria Control Programme in Nigeria Malaria Control Booster Project. • These programs have succeeded in “the development and adoption of national policies and guideline development of training manuals, sensitization and training of health workers and stakeholders on all interventions”.

  14. Roll Back Malaria Partnership The World Health Organization, the World Bank, UNICEF and UNDP founded the partnership in October 1998. • It mobilizes for action and resources and forges consensus among partners. The Partnership is comprised of more than 500 partners, including malaria endemic countries, their bilateral and multilateral development partners, the private sector, nongovernmental and community-based organizations, foundations, and research and academic institutions • They encourage and promote malaria research which hopefully will result in new medicines, vaccines and other tools which will improve the chances of reducing malaria-related deaths and suffering.

  15. Major Health Problems (cont.) • Low Respiratory Infection (Pneumonia) (19%) • Estimated 56 million episodes of lung infections among Nigerian children every year • The World Health Organization states pneumonia kills nearly 1.6 million children under five worldwide; Nigeria bears the highest burden • The Advance Market Commitment (AMC) found a new way to fund vaccines to low income countries.

  16. Major Health Problems (cont.) • Low Respiratory Infection (Pneumonia) (cont.) • The Nigerian government is striving to include HiB and pneumococcal vaccines into the national immunization program. • Estimated 1 of every 5 children with pneumonia receives appropriate antibiotics • Gavi Vaccine Alliance is working hard to provide HiB vaccine for Nigerian children

  17. Major Health Problems (cont.) • HIV (9%) • July 2012: 3.5 mil. people living with AIDS • Deaths due to AIDS: 210,000 (2013) • Orphans due to AIDS: 2 mil. (2013) • Nigeria HIV/AIDS Program Development Project II • Project approved in June 2009, open until November 2015 • Total project cost: $230 mil.

  18. Major Health Problems (cont.) • HIV (cont.) • Nigeria HIV/AIDS Program Development Project II • implemented by National Action Committee on HIV/AIDS • 2000 beginning of National Action Committee on AIDS • 2001-2009 saw 40% reduction in young people infected with HIV

  19. Major Health Problems (cont.) • Diarrhea (5%) • An estimated 194,000 children under five die every year in Nigeria • Lack of toilets remains one of the leading causes of diarrhea • An estimated 34 million Nigerians practice open defecation • One of five countries with largest number of people defecating in the open

  20. Major Health Problems (cont.) • Diarrhea (cont.) • Preventable with improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene • Community Led Total Sanitation • empowering communities • help take charge of ending open defecation • focus on social behaviour • affordable technologies

  21. Major Health Problems (cont.) • Road Injuries (5%) • Road traffic accidents are responsible for the majority of deaths in emergency room visits • 4 million may be injured, 200,000 potentially killed due to road traffic crashes annually • Accidents are multi-factorial • Driver factors, vehicle factors, and roadway factors, and emergency response factors

  22. Major Health Problems (cont.) • Driver Factors: • Driver behavior • Visual and auditory acuity • Decision making ability • Reaction speed • Drug and alcohol use while driving • Speeding and going too slow

  23. Major Health Problems (cont.) • Vehicle Factors: • Design and maintenance • Seatbelts and airbags • Brakes and tires • Suspension adjusted (more control of vehicle)

  24. Major Health Problems (cont.) • Roadway factors: • Nigerian highways are some of the worst and most dangerous in the world

  25. Major Health Problems (cont.) • Emergency response factors: • Inadequate emergency medical service response and pre-hospital trauma systems result in delayed access to emergency care • Results in preventable deaths each year • Few paramedics have been properly trained, therefore not certified

  26. Major Health Problems (cont.)

  27. Major Health Problems (cont.) Prevention of Road Injuries: • Control of driver factors: speeding, not drinking and driving, wearing seatbelts and helmets, not using cell phones or multi-tasking, obeying traffic rules • Enforcing traffic rules • Better road conditions, design, and maintenance • Hiring, training, and funding of more emergency medical services

  28. Health System • Health expenditure: 6.1% • Health system approach: decentralized into a three-tier structure • Federal level (Federal Ministry of Health), State level, and local government level • 88 % private expenditure and 31.1% public expenditure • An estimated 90-180 min. wait • Patient/doctor ratio 1:3500

  29. Health System (cont.) • Pros (improvements) • strong support from high level policymakers • federal budget line for immunizations • Cons • confusion of roles and responsibilities • no accountability from state and local government • rich and poor pay the same • long wait times/ little time with doctor

  30. Bibliography Agabi, C., & Leo, R. (2012, October 4). Nigeria: 2701 Medical Doctors Left Nigeria in Four Years - Minister. Daily Trust. Retrieved October 5, 2014, from http://allafrica.com/stories/201210050044.html Countries and Their Cultures. (n.d.). Culture of Nigeria. Retrieved October 7, 2014, from http://www.everyculture.com/Ma-Ni/Nigeria.html#ixzz3Eg258QId Countries and Their Cultures. (n.d.). Culture of Nigeria. Retrieved October 5, 2014, from http://www.everyculture.com/Ma-Ni/Nigeria.html Diarrhea kills 194,000 Nigerian children yearly. (n.d.). Daily Independent, Nigerian Newspaper. Retrieved October 7, 2014, from http://dailyindependentnig.com/2012/11/diarrhea-kills-194000-nigerian-children-yearly/ Federal Ministry of Health - FG Launches Curriculum For Diploma In Paramedics Technology. (n.d.). Federal Ministry of Health - FG Launches Curriculum For Diploma In Paramedics Technology. Retrieved October 7, 2014, from http://www.health.gov.ng/index.php/about-us/9-uncategorised/165-fg-launches-curriculum-for-diploma-in-paramedics-technology Health expenditure, public (% of total health expenditure). (n.d.). Data. Retrieved October 7, 2014, from http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.PUBL/countries Life expectancy at birth, total (years). (n.d.). Data. Retrieved October 6, 2014, from http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN Life expectancy in the USA, 1900-98. (n.d.). Life expectancy in the USA, 1900-98. Retrieved October 6, 2014, from http://demog.berkeley.edu/~andrew/1918/figure2.html Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births). (n.d.). Data. Retrieved October 7, 2014, from http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT Nigeria. (n.d.). WHO. Retrieved October 6, 2014, from http://www.who.int/countries/nga/en/ Nigeria. (n.d.). Nigeria. Retrieved October 7, 2014, from http://www.unaids.org/en/Regionscountries/Countries/Nigeria/ Nigeria Malaria Control Booster Project | Site Content. (2013, April 21). Nigeria Malaria Control Booster Project | Site Content. Retrieved October 7, 2014, from http://www.nmcp.gov.ng/Nigeria-Malaria-Control-Booster-Project Nigeria Maps AIDS Epidemic, Future of HIV Fight. (n.d.). AIDS -. Retrieved October 7, 2014, from http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTHEALTHNUTRITIONANDPOPULATION/EXTHIVAIDS/0,,contentMDK:23245490~pagePK:210058~piPK:210062~theSitePK:376471,00.html Nigeria still searching for right formula. (n.d.). WHO. Retrieved October 7, 2014, from http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/9/08-020908/en/ Nigerians living in poverty rise to nearly 61%. (2012, February 13). BBC News. Retrieved October 6, 2014, from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17015873 Nigerians living in poverty rise to nearly 61%. (2012, February 13). BBC News. Retrieved October 6, 2014, from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17015873 Oche, M., & Adamu, H. (2013, October 3). Abstract. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved October 7, 2014, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3868129/ Ogundipe, S. (2012, October 1). Vanguard. Nigeria: Healthcare - Lot of Motion, Little Movement. Retrieved October 5, 2014, from http://allafrica.com/stories/201210010829.html?page=2 The Global Partnership for a Malaria-free World. (n.d.). Roll Back Malaria (RBM) Partnership Organigramme. Retrieved October 7, 2014, from http://www.rbm.who.int/rbmorganigram.html The burden of road traffic injuries in Nigeria: results of a population-based survey. (n.d.). -- Labinjo et al. 15 (3): 157. Retrieved October 7, 2014, from http://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/15/3/157.abstract Why We Are Here. (2013, December 4). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved October 7, 2014, from http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/countries/nigeria/why/default.htm World Pneumonia Day. (n.d.). Pneumonia Facts: Nigeria - Protect Prevent Treat. Retrieved October 5, 2014, from http://worldpneumoniaday.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Fact-sheet-Nigeria-September-2010.pdf Photo credits: http://www.1001crash.com/latest/2003/HAC_B747_map.gif http://www.aircraft-charter-world.com/images/countries/africa/nigeria.gif http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17015873 http://crimefacts.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/road-safety-map.jpg http://roadsafety.co.za/2009-07/are-we-making-roads-safer-in-nigeria/ http://www.nairaland.com/822718/what-does-photo-tell-nigerian

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