Lecture 4

1. Lecture 4 ASTR 111 – Section 002

2. Terms While you are waiting for class to start, try to define these terms • Apogee/Perigee • Subtend • Parsec, light-year, AU • Parallax • Solar and Sidereal time • Small angle formula • Ecliptic • Zenith • Tropic of Cancer, Capricorn, Artic and Antarctic Circle • Equinox, Solstice • Zodiac • Accuracy, Precision, and Bias

3. First Exam • Slated for 9/29 • Based on lecture notes, problems worked in lecture, and quizzes. • Approximately 50 questions • In the Testing and Tutoring Center (using Blackboard system).

4. Tuesday September 15th • Class is canceled. • Quiz is still due at 9 am on the 15th. • I will be available via email.

5. Outline • Quiz Discussion • Rotation – review generally • The Seasons – review generally • The Moon in its orbit • Math review

6. Quiz Discussion

8. Outline • Quiz Discussion • Rotation – review generally • The Seasons – review generally • The Moon in its orbit • Math review

9. Rotation

10. Outline • Quiz Discussion • Rotation – review generally • The Seasons – review generally • The Moon in its orbit • Math review

11. The Seasons

12. Outline • Quiz Discussion • Rotation – review generally • The Seasons – review generally • The Moon in its orbit • Math review

13. From http://www.dslreports.com/forum/remark,16822681 • Uses color saturation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_(color_theory) The Moon in its orbit

14. Eventually we want to be able to explain …

15. A simple model • Moon executes circular orbit • Moon orbit is in Earth’s ecliptic plane

17. Looking down on North Pole NO! You would need to see through Earth! Can you “see” white ball if you are at Equator?

18. What is wrong with this picture?

19. Looking down on North Pole Can you “see” white ball if you are at Equator?

20. Looking down on North Pole If you walk around along the equator, where will you be able to see the white ball?

21. Looking down on North Pole NO! Can you “see” white ball if you are at Equator? NO! You would need to see through Earth!

22. Looking down on North Pole Can you “see” white ball if you are at Equator? NO! You would need to see through Earth! NO!

23. Looking down on North Pole Closer to scale

24. Draw a diagram that explains when you will first be able to see the first quarter moon if you live on the equator. • Stated another way, at what time will you see the 1st quarter moon rise from Earth?

26. Fill in the dark and light parts of the Moon for A-D (from this perspective) • From the perspective of someone on Earth what position of A-E best fits the Moon view in the lower-left-hand corner? • In the blank boxes below, sketch how the Moon would appear from Earth from the four Moon positions that you did not choose for Question 2. Label each box with a letter. A E Sun’s rays Earth D B C View of Moon from Earth at one of the positions (A-E) above.

27. Shade in the part of the Moon that is not illuminated by the sun when it is at positions F-I. • Which Moon position (F-I) best corresponds with the Moon phase shown in the lower-left corner? • How much of the Moon’s surface is illuminated by the sun during this phase? • How much of the Moon’s illuminated surface is visible from Earth for this phase of the Moon? G Sun’s rays F H Earth I View of Moon from Earth from one of the positions (F-I) above.

28. A simple model • Moon executes circular orbit • Moon orbit is in Earth’s ecliptic plane

29. Model can explain the phases of the Moon • The phases of the Moon occur because light from the Moon is actually reflected sunlight • As the relative positions of the Earth, the Moon, and the Sun change, we see more or less of the illuminated half of the Moon.

30. What does the Earth look like from the Moon at • Full Moon • New Moon • First Quarter • Third Quarter

32. What are 2 observations simple model does not predict?

33. What are 2 observations simple model does not predict? • Why there are not eclipses every month • Why there are “annular” and “total” eclipses

34. Eclipses occur only when the Sun and Moonare both on the line of nodes

36. What are 2 observations simple model does not predict? • Why there are not eclipses every month • Why there are “annular” and “total” eclipses of the sun

37. Solar eclipses can be either total, partial, orannular, depending on the alignment of the Sun,Earth, and Moon

40. Eventually we want to be able to explain …

41. Lunar eclipses can be either total, partial, orpenumbral, depending on the alignment of the Sun, Earth, and Moon

42. Question • If you were looking at Earth from the side of the Moon that faces Earth, what would you see during • A total lunar eclipse? • A total solar eclipse?

43. The Moon’s rotation always keeps the same face toward the Earth due to synchronous rotation

44. Time and the Moon • Two types of months are used in describing the motion of the Moon. • With respect to the stars, the Moon completes one orbit around the Earth in a sidereal month, averaging 27.32 days. • The Moon completes one cycle of phases (one orbit around the Earth with respect to the Sun) in a synodic month, averaging 29.53 days.

46. sidereal month, averaging 27.32 days. • sidereal day – 23 hr 56 min • synodic (lunar) month, averaging 29.53 days. • solar day – 24 hr

47. Question • On a certain date the Moon is in the direction of the constellation Gemini as seen from Earth. When will the Moon next be in the direction of Gemini? • One year later? • 366.2425 days later? • One sidereal month later? • One synodic month later?

48. Outline • Quiz Discussion • Rotation – review generally • The Seasons – review generally • The Moon in its orbit • Math review