Theory of Architecture

1. Theory of Architecture Fourth Stage Architecture Engineering Department

2. De Stijl  Dutch for "The Style", also known as Neoplasticism, was a Dutch artistic movement founded in 1917 in Leiden. De Stijl consisted of artists and architects. De Stijl is also the name of a journal. the group's principal members were the painters Piet Mondrian, VilmosHuszár, and Bart van der Leck, and the architects Gerrit Rietveld, Robert van 't Hoff, and J. J. P. Oud. De Stijl advocated pure abstraction and universality by a reduction to the essentials of form and color. they simplified visual compositions to vertical and horizontal, using only black, white and primary colors. De Stijl Red and Blue Chair, designed by Gerrit Rietveld, 1919

3. In painting, the neoplastic characteristics are : • 1. the geometric abstraction, which means the use of few, basic geometric elements, such as the line and the right angle. • 2. The use of only primary colors – together with black, white and gray – is predominant. • 3.Rectangles and repeated blocks – as in the famous Mondrian’s paintings. De Stijl in Art to achieve harmony through the balance of the relationship between lines, colors and planes. But only in clearest and strongest way”.  (Piet Mondrian)

4. De Stijl in Architecture • 1. colored areas correspond to solid and the non-colored (neutral) areas match the void. • 2.In many of the group's three-dimensional works, vertical and horizontal lines are positioned in layers or planes that do not intersect, thereby allowing each element to exist independently and unobstructed by other elements. •  3.The De Stijl movement posited the fundamental principle of the geometry of the straight line, the square, and the rectangle, combined with a strong asymmetricity. • 4.The use of elements in an arrangement of non-objective forms and lines.

5. 1.Whiteprimary elements to shape the house and its structure. • 2. Gray or white plain elements to define the relationship between inside and outside. • 3. Linear elements, vertical and horizontal – lintels, pillars, drainpipes – colored in yellow, red and blue combined with white, gray and black; • 4. Functional elements – windows, doors, railings, exterior staircase and skylight – colored in black and white. • 5.the interior spaces have been organized according to the function they are intended to: on the ground floor there are the rooms to eat, study and work, bounded by walls. On the upper floor, in a unique environment, definable through the use of sliding walls, there are the areas to sleep and for intellectual activities. All the furnishing inside the house has been design by the Architect as well. of the Schröder House,Utrecht,T.G. Rietveld (1924)

6. Expressionist architecture is an architectural movement in Europe during the first decades of the 20th century in parallel with the expressionist visual and performing arts that especially developed and dominated in Germany. • The style was characterised by an early-modernist adoption of novel materials, formal innovation, and very unusual massing, sometimes inspired by natural biomorphic forms, sometimes by the new technical possibilities offered by the mass production of brick, steel and especially glass. Expressionist architecture

7. Distortion of form for an emotional effect. • An effort to achieve the new, original, and visionary. • Profusion of works on paper, and models, with discovery and representations of concepts more important than pragmatic finished products. • Themes of nature, such as caves, mountains, lightning, crystal and rock formations. • It is more mineral and elemental than organic character of art nouveau. • Uses creative potential of artisan craftsmanship. • Conception of architecture as a work of art. Expressionist architecture

8. 2. The Einstein Tower, • Erich Mendelsohn, • 1919 -1921, Germany. Expressionist architecture 1. Chilehaus, Germany, Fritz Höger, 1922 - 1924

9. Bauhaus, was a German art school operational from 1919 to 1933 that combined crafts and the fine arts. • The Bauhaus was founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar. The German term Bauhaus—literally "building house"—was understood as meaning "School of Building“. • It was under the direction of Walter Gropius, Hannes Meyer, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. • It is inspired from Arts and Crafts movement, but machine production had to be the precondition of design to have an impact in the 20th century • It was founded with the idea of creating a "total" work of art in which all arts, including architecture, would eventually be brought together.(art, architecture, graphic design, interior design, industrial design, and typography) • The Bauhaus style later became one of the most influential currents in Modernist architecture and art, design and architectural education. Bauhaus

10. Gropius designed the various sections of the building differently, separating them consistently according to function. He positioned the wings asymmetrically; the form of the complex has no central view. • The interior fittings were made in the Bauhaus workshops. • The main elements of the complex are: • 1. the glass-fronted, three-storeyworkshop wing, • 2.the three-storey building for the vocational school • 3. the five-storeystudio building. • 4. The workshop wing and the vocational school are connected by a two-storey bridge which was used for administration purposes. • 5. The workshop wing and the studio building are connected by a one-storey building (festive area) comprising auditorium, stage and canteen. Bauhaus Walter Gropius, Dessau, Germany