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Excretion Process in Humans: Kidneys, Organs, and Functions

Explore the role of excretory organs like the kidneys in removing waste and balancing salt and water levels. Learn about excretion processes, types of excretory organs, cell membranes, and excretory products like urea and carbon dioxide. Understand the functions of nephrons, filtration, selective reabsorption, and tubular secretion. Discover how the urinary system helps maintain homeostasis, the formation of kidney stones, renal failure, and treatments like dialysis.

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Excretion Process in Humans: Kidneys, Organs, and Functions

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  1. Excretion

  2. Kidney BonesIn The News

  3. Excretion • Removes metabolic wastes • Balances water & salt

  4. Excretion

  5. Types of Excretory Organs • Cell membrane • Contractile vacuoles • Nephridia • Antennal gland • Malpighian tubules • Kidneys

  6. Cell Membranes in Excretion • Transport across the cell membrane • Diffusion • Osmosis • Active transport

  7. Contractile Vacuoles • Found in protozoans & sponges • Collects excess water • Contracts when they reach a critical size

  8. Nephridia • In Platyhelminthes & Annelida

  9. Antennal Gland • Found in crustaceans • Primarily excretes water & salts • Nitrogenous waste excreted at gills

  10. Malpighian Tubules • Insects & some other arthropods • Tubes found in blood-filled body cavity • Empty into intestine

  11. Kidneys • Found in vertebrates • Made up of nephrons • Secretion is urine

  12. Excretory Products of Humans • Carbon dioxide • Water • Salts • Nitrogenous molecules

  13. Human Organs of Excretion • Skin • Salt • Water • Lungs • Carbon dioxide • Water • Liver • Produces bile pigments • Worn out red blood cells

  14. Human Organs of Excretion • Large intestine • Salts • Kidneys • Nitrogenous wastes • Water

  15. Nitrogenous Wastes • Produced from metabolic breakdown • Proteins • Nucleic acids • Forms of excreted waste • Urea • Ammonia combined with carbon dioxide • Creatinine • Derived from molecule in muscle cells • Uric acid • From nucleic acid breakdown

  16. Kidney Excretions • Ions of salts • Sodium • Potassium • Chloride • Magnesium • Calcium • Nitrogenous wastes • Water • Some other substances

  17. Urine • Excretion product of kidney • Derived from filtering blood • Transferred to bladder by ureter

  18. Kidney Structure • Nephron – microscopic filtering units • Collecting ducts • Blood vessels

  19. Areas of Kidney • Outer cortex • Inner medulla • Renal pyramids • Renal arteries • Ureter

  20. Tasks of Nephrons • Filtration • Selective reabsorption • Tubular secretion

  21. Nephron Structure

  22. Filtration • Glomerulus • Tuft of capillaries • Between arterioles • Afferent arteriole • Efferent arteriole • High pressure maintained • Glomerular capsule surrounds glomerulus • Connects to convoluted tubule

  23. Filtration • Fluid forced through capillary walls • Blood cells & proteins retained • Filtrate passes into tubule

  24. Selective Reabsorption • Convoluted tubules • Proximal convoluted tubule • Loop of Henle • Distal convoluted tubule • Surrounding capillaries

  25. Selective Reabsorption • Materials are reclaimed into capillaries

  26. Tubular Secretion • Materials not reclaimed enter collecting tube • Urine • Excess water • Waste products not reclaimed

  27. Environment & Nephrons • Loop of Henle conserves water

  28. Urinary System • System to remove urine from body

  29. Urinary Bladder • Hollow muscular organ • Stores urine • Stretch receptors send message to brain when about half full

  30. Urethra • From bladder to outside body • Gender differences • Men • Role in reproductive system • Passes through prostate • Women • No reproductive association • Shorter & more easily infected

  31. Kidney & Homeostasis • Helps maintain water balance • Helps maintain ion balance • Depends on endocrine hormones • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) • Regulates water • Aldosterone • Regulates ions

  32. Kidney Stones • Some salts do not dissolve in filtrate • Salts form crystals • Stones may be jagged, block urine • Often treated with shockwave lithotripsy

  33. Renal Failure • Kidneys stop working • Unable to excrete waste products • Types of renal failure • Acute • Filtration stops suddenly • Chronic • Filtration slows gradually

  34. Dialysis • Filtering blood to replace kidney function

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