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Ecology

Ecology. Ecology. Study of the interactions among organisms and the environment. . Abiotic Factors. Abiotic Factors: Non-living parts of an ecosystem.

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Ecology

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  1. Ecology

  2. Ecology Study of the interactions among organisms and the environment.

  3. Abiotic Factors Abiotic Factors: Non-living parts of an ecosystem. Water: needed for all living organisms, part of cells and organisms, needed for respiration, photosynthesis, digestion and many other chemical reactions. Sunlight: all life requires energy and sunlight. Photosynthesis Temperature: some organisms survive only if their body temperature is between zero to fifty degrees Celsius. Air: N, O+ Co₂ (plants and animals depend on these for photosynthesis and respiration. Soil: The different types are due to amount of sand, silt, and clay which affects nutrient type, minerals, and amount of moisture. Effects type of organisms and plants that can live in an area. Climate: an area’s average weather conditions over time, including temperature, rainfall , and wind.

  4. Biotic Factors The living or once living parts in an ecosystem.

  5. Levels of organization

  6. Earth’s Sphere’s Earth has many spheres. 1. Lithosphere 2. hydrosphere 3. cryosphere 4. biosphere 5. atmosphere 6. exosphere

  7. Biosphere Life sphere Part of Earth that supports life From 11,000 km. deep in the ocean, 9,000 km. on mountains, to 4.5 km. in the atmosphere.

  8. Atmosphere Air Sphere Most of Earth’s atmosphere is made up of N 78% , O 21%

  9. Hydrosphere Water sphere Includes all of the rivers, lakes and oceans of Earth.

  10. Cryosphere Icy cold sphere Is the frozen part (ice , snow, sea glaciers, Sea Ice, Ice Shelves, frozen ground, and Icebergs) of Earth: icecaps in Greenland and Antarctica, the arctic, Mount Kilimanjaro in Africa, mountains in USA, Canada, China, and Russia.

  11. Lithosphere Rock Sphere From High Mountains like the Rockies and Andes to huge plains in Texas, and deep valleys in the ocean floor. The very thin crust on top and the top part of the mantle.

  12. Exo or celestial sphere Outside or heavenly sphere Includes the whole universe beyond the top of the atmosphere-The sun, moon , and stars, as well as asteroids and the little bits of dust that make meteors when they hit the atmosphere.

  13. Characteristics of populations Population size: if small enough can count but if too large can get an estimate. Population density: the number of individuals in a population that occupy a definite area i.e.: 100 mile per sq. km. Immigration: when species move into an area. Emigration: when species move out of an area.

  14. Limiting Factors & Carrying Capacity Limiting Factors: Food, water, living space, resources, any biotic and abiotic factor that limits the number of individuals in a population. Carrying Capacity: the largest number of individual species that an environment can support and maintain.

  15. Symbiosis Symbiosis: is any close interaction between 2 or more different species. Mutualism: two species benefit

  16. Symbiosis Commensalism: Benefits one with no affect on other. Parasitism: one species benefits and the other is harmed.

  17. Predation Predator: the organism that hunts and kills for food. Prey: the organism that is killed for food.

  18. Habitat & Niche Habitat: place where organisms live. Niche: role or job of the organism, what eats it, how it gets its food, how it interacts with other organisms Earthworm: habitat: soil niche: loosening, aerating, enriching soil

  19. Matter & Energy Food Chains: shows how energy flows from one organism to another. The arrows show energy transfer. It usually has only up to 3 or 4 links because 10% is passed at each level. The food chain start at producers (autotrophs): organisms that make their own food. Then energy flows to consumers (heterotrophs) (1st level) then (2nd level) etc.

  20. Food Web A series of overlapping food chains.

  21. Cycles of Matter The law of conservation of mass states that matter and energy is recycled and not lost or gained. Cycles in nature include the H₂O, C, and N These cycles are very important to the homeostasis and survival of organisms. Water and Carbon are important parts in cellular respiration and photosynthesis and Nitrogen is essential for protein synthesis.

  22. Water Cycle

  23. Carbon Cycle

  24. Nitrogen Cycle

  25. Photosynthesis Producers use chlorophyll and other pigments that capture light which powers the reaction. Extra starches are stored

  26. Photosynthesis

  27. Cellular Respiration Carbohydrates are used for growth, maintenance, and reproduction. Consumers, Chemical reactions occur that break down food into simpler substances and release energy, enzymes are needed. This process begins in the cytoplasm where CHO is broken down to glucose and other products, energy is released. The products enter the mitochondria and more energy is released as well as CO₂ and H₂O.

  28. Reverse Reactions

  29. Fermentation When cells don’t have enough O for cellular respirations. Some store energy is released from stored energy. Fermentation begins in the cytoplasm and energy is released but doesn’t move to the mitochondria. More reactions then occur in the cytoplasm which releases more energy and waste products of lactic acid or alcohol and CO₂.

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