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Impact of Executive Branch on United States

Explore the changes brought about by the addition of an executive branch (a President) and the impact of major domestic and foreign issues on the United States. Consider how life today would be without a leader.

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Impact of Executive Branch on United States

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  1. Warmup • Answer the following in your journal in 3-5 sentences: • How could/did the addition of an executive branch (a President) change the course of the United States? What would life be like today if we did not have a leader?

  2. The New Republic EQ – What was the impact of the major domestic and foreign issues Washington faced? http://www.harpers.org/media/image/blogs/misc/alexander-hamilton.jpg http://www.visitingdc.com/images/george-washington-picture.jpg

  3. The Federalist Era • George Washington • Chosen by the Electoral College in 1789, unanimously elected • 2 Term President (1789-1796) • 6’2”, 175 lbs., pock marked and toothless

  4. Why is Washington considered “Great”?

  5. Washington’s Life • Surveyor • Plantation Owner (Slave Owner) • Married (Martha, no children) • Hero of American Revolution • Leader of the Constitutional Convention • Federalist (not in name, but in policy)

  6. Washington is one of the few leaders of a military revolution to not become a dictator afterwards • Lenin • Mao • Napoleon • Caesar

  7. According to the census of 1790… -4 million in total population -90% of Americans lived on farms -Philadelphia, New York, Charleston, and Baltimore were the major cities Washington’s America

  8. Suffrage (Voting) Requirements • White • Male • Property Owner • Applied to ONLY 10-16% of population

  9. Washington’s Inauguration

  10. The Preamble of the Constitution– The Goals of the New Nation • More perfect Union • Establish justice • Ensure domestic tranquility • Provide common defense • Promote general welfare • Secure blessing of liberty

  11. As the first President,Washington set many“precedents” Examples that becometraditions to be followed http://www.history.com/videos/george-washingtons-precedents#george-washingtons-precedents

  12. George Washington elected President in 1789 Concept Problem Solution Executive Offices No executive offices to help run the government Creates the Cabinet…

  13. Washington’s Cabinet State Dept War Dept Sect. of Treasury Attorney General Henry Knox Thomas Jefferson Alexander Hamilton Edmund Randolph Defend cases Foreign policy National Defense Nation’s finances http://www.visitingdc.com/images/thomas-jefferson-picture.jpg , http://www.nps.gov/history/museum/exhibits/revwar/image_gal/indeimg/web_exhibit/KNOX_exb.jpg , http://law.wustl.edu/Faculty/Wiedenbeck/BasicTax/Hamilton1806Trumbull.jpg, http://www.usdiplomacy.org/exhibit/images/secretaries/Randolph,%20Edmund.jpg

  14. What about a court system? Concept Court System Problem Solution No Federal Court System Judiciary Act of 1789creates a federalcourt system &6-personSupreme Court;John Jay = firstchief justice

  15. Problems in Washington’s America Massive Debt • Around $80 Million • This is approx. $1,012,240,368.79 today • Money was owed to: • France • Ordinary Americans THE BIGGEST PROBLEM FOR THE GOVERNMENT WAS RAISING MONEY!!

  16. A Nation in DebtWhy were we in debt? Concept Problem Solution National & State Debt $80 million war debt; Lack of international respect Hamilton’s Economic Plan -Pay debts in full -Fed. gov. assumes state debts -Create a national bank

  17. Washington’s Problems Continued… Failure of Paper Currency • Money was worth very little (both Federal and State)

  18. What can our government now do to make money? Concept Taxes Problem Solution No tax system, no money to run government Excise Tax (Part of Hamilton’s Plan) Tariff – 25% tax on imported goods

  19. Washington’s Problems continued… Britain and Spain challenged unity

  20. Foreign Issues with Europe Conflicts between Great Britain & France Proclamation ofNeutrality (1793) Why…? Young nation, did notwant to get involved Weak military Dependent onforeign trade http://www.freewebs.com/ssjchokobo/06_french_revolution.jpghttp://www.freewebs.com/ssjchokobo/06_french_revolution.jpg

  21. Proclaiming Neutrality Proclamation ofNeutrality (1793) Britain begins stealingUS ships & sailors… aka “Impressment” Why does G.B do this? How does this affect the Neutrality Proclamation? http://azfar08.files.wordpress.com/2007/11/george-washington-big.jpg

  22. Foreign Policy Struggles The British wantedto keep Americansfrom settling in theNorthwest Territory How…? The British supplied Indians with arms to fight; Indians resisted American troops http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/8/88/350px-United_States_1789-08-1790.png

  23. Proclamation ofNeutrality (1793) Conflicts with Indians • NativeAmericanwar chief Little Turtle Battle of Fallen Timbers • Who won? • What resulted? Treaty of Greenville Opened Ohio to settlement

  24. Issues with Great Britain Impressment Jay’s Treaty Avoided war with Britain Pinckney’s Treaty Opened Mississippi River &New Orleans to trade

  25. Jay’s Treaty of 1794 • What did Britain & the U.S. agree to? • No British forts on American soil • Americans must pay prewar debts • Result? • Avoids war with Britain • Does this treaty stop impressment? • NO!

  26. Reaction to the Jay Treaty • Split along party lines… • Washington & Federalists = “good work” • Democratic Republicans = “Jay is a sellout” • Treaty was passed http://www.earlyamerica.com/earlyamerica/milestones/jaytreaty/1.html

  27. Pinckney’s Treaty • What did Spain & U.S. agree to? • U.S. gains shipping rights on the Mississippi River & access to New Orleans • Result? • U.S. can send goods down the Mississippi to New Orleans, trade with other nations

  28. Whiskey Rebellion To help pay off the war debt, Washington started to tax whiskey Whiskey is an alcoholic beverage The farmers who grew the grain to make the whiskey were angry.

  29. Why whiskey? Farmers had a hard time getting their grain to market, so they turned their grain into whiskey, which was easier to transport. They got more money for the whiskey anyway. Farmers traded the whiskey for salt, sugar, and other goods. Farmers used whiskey as money to get whatever supplies they needed. Farmers did not have the money to pay for the tax.

  30. The Rebellion In the summer of 1794, a group of farmers in Western Pennsylvania rebelled against the whiskey tax and staged the Whiskey Rebellion. One group beat up a tax collector and coated him with tar and feathers.

  31. Why do you think tax collectors were tarred and feathered?

  32. The Government Responds Alexander Hamilton wanted the government to look strong. He encouraged President Washington to stop the revolt. Federal troops (13,000) marched to Western Pennsylvania and put down the revolt. Washington had proved that the government would deal with people not obeying the law.

  33. Why do you think Washington chose to lead the troops himself?

  34. Challenging the New Government Concept Problem Solution Enforcement of Laws Whiskey Rebellion: PA farmers refuse to pay the tax on whiskey Washington sendstroops; US willenforce its laws

  35. Political Parties • Authors of the Constitution wanted to avoid political parties • Why do you think this was the case? • They felt these groups were “factions” that threatened the unity of a republic • However, two political parties form…Federalists & Democratic-Republicans (Anti-Federalists)

  36. Political Parties Federalists Democratic Republicans • Considering the state of politics today, have political parties had more of a positive or negative effect on our country? • Hamilton • Strong central Leader Power of Gov. Economy British/French Constitution • Jefferson • More power to states • Industry/Trade • Pro-British • Loose construction • Farming • Pro-French • Strict construction

  37. Discussion: Political Parties Today • What would life in the United States be like without political parties? • Would you like it? • Would people be more inclined to participate in politics? Voting?

  38. Washington Calls It Quits • After two terms, Washington retired from the Presidency • Could he have run for a third term? • Why do you think he decided not to? • Many historians feel the US would not have survived without his leadership http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/George_Washington_1795.jpg/300px-George_Washington_1795.jpg

  39. Washington… Charismatic, or Awkward? • Read/listen to the Washington article http://www.npr.org/2012/10/23/163487916/charming-cold-does-presidential-personality-matter • On the back of your notes sheet, answer the following questions: • What is the main argument of the article? • In your opinion, would George Washington have won if he ran in the 2012 election?

  40. Let’s take a moment to read the farewell address…

  41. Washington’s Reaction to the Rebellion & his Farewell Address • What did Washington say about the Rebellion? • How was Washington’s reaction different than the government’s reaction during Shay’s Rebellion in 1786? • What was Washington warning against in his Farewell Address?

  42. Washington’s Farewell Address Before he retired, Washington gave a farewell address (speech). In it he: Warned against political parties - He thought they could divide the country and lead to civil war. Urged the nation to remain neutral and not become involved in foreign alliances- He feared that the U.S. would get dragged into war quickly this way. Urged Americans to maintain and value a sense of national unity.

  43. 1. RAPPS Freedom of Religion, Assembly, Press, Petition, Speech 2. Right to Bear Arms 3. No Quartering of Soldiers 4. No illegal Search and Seizure 5. No Double Jeopardy, Self Incrimination, Eminent Domain, etc… 6. Speedy Public Trial, Lawyer 7. Trial by Jury 8. No Cruel/Unusual Punishment or Excessive Bail or Fines 9. Constitution is not a limited document 10. Reserved Powers The Bill of Rights (1791) – Washington’s Major Accomplishment

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