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Anatomy

Anatomy. Pick up papers from table 1 if you didn’t’ yesterday. TODAY: INTRO TO RESPIRATION TEST REVISIT. CALENDAR: FRI: QUIZ – RESPIRATORY TUES: TEST – RESPIRATORY. Please turn off and put away cell phones. Chapter 16 – The Respiratory System; Otorhinolaryngology. I. Functions

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Anatomy

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  1. Anatomy Pick up papers from table 1 if you didn’t’ yesterday. TODAY: • INTRO TO RESPIRATION • TEST REVISIT CALENDAR: FRI: QUIZ – RESPIRATORY TUES: TEST – RESPIRATORY

  2. Please turn off and put away cell phones

  3. Chapter 16 – The Respiratory System; Otorhinolaryngology I. Functions A. Exchange and distribution of O2/CO2 B. Warms, Humidifies, and filters air C. Speech and Smell D. Regulation of pH of Blood II. Passageway: Nose  Pharynx  Larynx  Trachea  Bronchi  bronchioles  alveoli

  4. III. Upper Respiratory Structures A. Nose: 1. Nasal Cavity - Filters air (hairs trap large particles and cilia move towards throat) 2. Nasal Septum – Divides cavity; Deviated septum (blocks opening) 3. Nasal Conchae – Bones lined with Ciliated Columnar a. Warms air b. Makes mucous; 4. Paranasal Sinuses – Hollow chambers: 1. Reduce weight of skull 2. Voice Quality 3. Warms and moistens air

  5. Consider the following: • 1) How can a deviated nasal septum impair breathing?

  6. B. Pharynx – throat (5 inches) 1.Functions: a. Passageway for air and food b. Phonation – Sound quality 2. 3 divisions: a. Nasopharynx – nose  throat b. Oropharynx – Mouth  throat c. Laryngopharynx – throat  larynx

  7. IV. Lower Respiratory • Larynx(“Voice box”) 1. False vocal cords – help close larynx for swallowing 2. True vocal cord – vibrate to produce sound 3. Glottis – opening for air; Epiglottis covers during swallowing 4. Laryngitis – Inflammation of larynx – Vocal cord can’t vibrate

  8. B. Trachea – windpipe Larynx  Bronchi 1. Functions: a. Distributes oxygen to bronchi b. Traps debris in mucous  pharynx (moved by ciliated columnar) 2. Medical procedures: • Endotracheal intubation (tube inserted down Trachea into lungs) b) Tracheostomy– create emergency airway c) Heimlich maneuver – expel object blocking Trachea d) “Epipen” – Adrenaline injected to open airways

  9. C. Bronchial Tree – Lined w/ ciliated mucosa 1. Trachea divides: Primary Bronchi  Secondary bronchi  Tertiary bronchi  Bronchioles Alveoli - air sacs (300 million), like grape clusters; Surrounded by capillaries; Gas exchange by diffusion a.Oxygen from alveoli to capillaries; Combines with hemoglobin  body cells b. Carbon dioxide from capillaries to alveoli  exhaled c. Alcohol or glucose can diffuse from blood to alveoli and be detected

  10. Hyperventilating can cause a loss of too much carbon dioxide. This changes the blood pH and can constrict the arteries causing a person to faint. Breathing into a paperbag allows a person to regain the lost CO2 and reestablish blood pH.

  11. Checkpoint • Test Revisit • The revisit will be entered as a 2nd test grade so do your best! • No talking, cell phones, sharing answers • Missing group work – last day • Begin Unit worksheet #s 1-12 • Remember, this must be complete to do the test revisit

  12. ANATOMY • Tomorrow, we will meet in room 244 • FRIDAY: QUIZ PLEASE KEEP PHONES TURNED OFF AND PUT AWAY.

  13. Common food and air passageway; Parts include the naso, oro, and laryngo • Pharynx • Flap over trachea to prevent food from entering • Epiglottis • Houses vocal cords • Larynx

  14. Small bones on lateral aspect of nasal cavity; Contains mucous membranes and warms and moistens air • Nasal Conchae

  15. Hollow skull chambers that decrease skull weight and act as resonance chambers • Sinuses

  16. Occurs when the tissue dividing the nasal cavity moves to the side, blocking airflow • Deviated Septum

  17. What the trachea branches into Bronchi Trace the flow of air through all conducting passageways Nose/Mouth  Pharynx  Larynx  Trachea  Bronchi (1st/2nd/3rd)  Bronchioles  Alveoli

  18. Where gas exchange occurs Alveoli

  19. All gas exchanges are made by a._____as substances pass from high to low concentrations. After inhalation, oxygen passes from an area of high concentration within the b._____ into an area of low concentration within the c._____________. Conversely, Carbon dioxide will pass from an area of high concentration within the d.___ into an area of low concentration within the e.__ where it will then be exhaled. Blood is continuously circulated towards the lungs to be oxygenated. Oxygen poor blood is carried from the right ventricle to the lungs via the f.________, while oxygen rich blood is returned to the left atrium via the g. ______. From here, it will be pumped to the left ventricle and eventually throughout the body via the h._______. As the vessels branch into capillaries, they will give off i. ________ to the cells and pick up j. ________ causing the blood to become oxygen poor. The vessels will merge to form larger veins until they join to form the k. ___________ that will return oxygen poor blood to the right atrium.

  20. 2. Disorders a.COPD – CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISORDER i. Bronchitis – inflammation of bronchi  pathogens thrive ii. Emphysema – Destroys alveoli ; decreases surface area of gas exchange; . Lungs lose elasticity; Must work harder to exhale barrel chest b. Pneumonia – inflammation of alveoli, caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae c. Asthma – Bronchiole spasms d. Cystic Fibrosis – Incorrect gene  Malformed Chlorine channels  Chlorine ions trapped  H20 enters  leads to thick mucous

  21. A type of COPD where the alveoli are destroyed and the lungs lose elasticity; Leads to barrel chest as the individual works harder to breath • A 2nd type of COPD where the bronchi become inflamed

  22. Spasm of the bronchial tubes that makes breathing difficult; Inhalers can be used to quickly supply medication to dilate the bronchioles • Inflammation of the alveoli often due to a bacterial infection

  23. Asthma and COPD • Tuberculosis

  24. V. Lungs A.Structure – Spongy, right is Larger 1. Located in thoracic cavity (pleural cavities) 2. Hilum – slit for bronchi 3. Lobes: left – 2; right – 3 4. Pleura (covering) a. Parietal – lines thoracic cavity b. Visceral – covers lungs c. Pleural fluid – lubricates, avoid friction between layers

  25. B. Disorders 1. Lung Cancer: a. Over 80% due to smoking b. Tumor obstructs alveoli/bronchi 2. Pleurisy –Decrease of pleural fluid  Membranes rub together 3. Pulmonary edema - Swelling

  26. C. Lung Capacity – Measured by Spirometer 1.Tidal volume – normal amount of air exhaled about 500cc 2. Expiratory reserve volume – forcibly exhaled in addition to tidal volume - 1100cc (1.1 L) 3. Inspiratory reservevol – Forcibly inhaled in addition to tidal volume - 3000 cc (3 L) 4. Residual vol – air in lungs after maximum exhalation - 1200 cc 5. Minimal volume - trapped in alveoli; approx 40 % of RV (medical or legal tool) At birth, lungs are inflated, lung tissue will float; If died before birth, no air in lungs; lung will sink 6. Vital capacity – max am’t of air expelled following max inhalation VC= T.V. + ERV + IRV; = 4600 cc 7. Total Lung capacity –-max am’t of air in lungs following max inhalation- TLC=Vital capacity + Residual = 5800 cc 8. Dead Space – Air in Trachea/Bronchi = 150 ml

  27. Complete #s 13-21 of the Unit worksheet • Complete any question up to that point • MEET IN ROOM 244 TOMORROW

  28. CHECKPOINT • BEGIN SPIROMETER LAB • I will call you up one group at a time • Throw away mouthpiece when you are finished • If you are sick, please do not use spirometer • While waiting: • Begin Disease portion of lab

  29. TODAY: -LECTURE -LAB • WED: QUIZ • FRI: TEST; UW DUE

  30. Common food and air passageway; Parts include the naso, oro, and laryngo • Pharynx • Flap over trachea to prevent food from entering • Epiglottis • Houses vocal cords • Larynx

  31. What the trachea branches into Bronchi Trace the flow of air through all conducting passageways Nose/Mouth  Pharynx  Larynx  Trachea  Bronchi (1st/2nd/3rd)  Bronchioles  Alveoli

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