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The Rise of Détente and ‘Triangular Diplomacy’, 1963-72

Young & Kent: International Relations since 1945. The Rise of Détente and ‘Triangular Diplomacy’, 1963-72. 1963: in the wake of Cuba. Signs of Détente? Kennedy’s American University speech ‘Hot line’ agreement Partial Test Ban Treaty Cold War goes on Berlin tension

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The Rise of Détente and ‘Triangular Diplomacy’, 1963-72

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  1. Young & Kent: International Relations since 1945 The Rise of Détente and ‘Triangular Diplomacy’, 1963-72

  2. 1963: in the wake of Cuba • Signs of Détente? • Kennedy’s American University speech • ‘Hot line’ agreement • Partial Test Ban Treaty • Cold War goes on • Berlin tension • Multilateral Nuclear Force

  3. Pressures for Détente in Europe • Mutual fear of war • Western Europe • fragmentation: de Gaulle • Harmel Report • Brandt and Ostpolitik • Eastern bloc • fragmentation: China, Romania • desire for trade/technology • fall of Khrushchev

  4. Nuclear Balance • Dawn of ‘Mutual Assured Destruction’ • ‘Triad’ of weapons: • Aircraft • Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) • Submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) • Threats to the balance: • Anti-Ballistic Missile • Multiple Independent Re-entry Vehicle

  5. Détente Delayed, 1964-68 • Limited East-West agreement • Glassboro’ mini-summit • Non-Proliferation Treaty • Proposed Strategic Arms Limitation Talks • Barriers to progress • Vietnam • Czechoslovakia: ‘Prague Spring’ • No Johnson-Brezhnev summit

  6. Nixon’s Approach • Inaugural speech: ‘an era of negotiations’ • End Vietnam war: Nixon Doctrine • But détente only on conditions: • Concrete agreements not just a change in atmosphere • Soviets to show restraint • ‘Linkage’

  7. ‘Linkage’ in practice • US view: if Soviets want strategic arms talks and trade, they must not exploit conflicts in the Third World • Series of crises in 1970-71: • Chile: election of Allende • Cienfuegos • Jordanian civil war • Indo-Pakistan War

  8. ‘Triangular Diplomacy’ • Sino-Soviet ‘split’ • Chinese fear USSR more than US • Border clashes of 1969 • Nixon ready for ‘opening’ to China • Trade barriers relaxed • ‘Ping-Pong diplomacy’ • China enters UN • US plays off China and USSR

  9. 1972: two summits • Beijing Summit, February 1972 • Nixon and Mao • Shanghai Communique • Moscow Summit, May 1972 • Nixon and Brezhnev • went ahead despite crisis in Vietnam • several agreements: trade, space, etc. • ‘Basic Principles’

  10. SALT I: highpoint of Moscow • Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty • Two ABM ‘fields’ and 200 missiles each • ‘Interim Agreement on Offensive Missiles’ • ICBMs: 1054 US, 1618 Soviet • SLBMs: 656 US, 740 Soviet • Bombers: 455 US, 140 Soviet • To last five years: SALT II to follow

  11. Moscow: success or failure? • The successes: • Well-choreographed • Numerous agreements • SALT a significant nuclear arms deal • The limits: • Soviets never accepted ‘linkage’ • Unclear what ‘basic principles’ meant • SALT failed to control MIRVs • ‘unequal ceilings’ in SALT

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