Earth

1. 1 Earth/Space Review Grade 6 6.1A; 6.3B; 6.3C; 6.10A; 6.10C; 6.11A; 6.11B; 6.11C

2. 2 6.1A Demonstrate safe practices during laboratory and field investigations as outlined in the Texas Safety Standards. Rule 1: Use well-controlled behavior at all times. Rule 2: Use safety goggles or other eye protection when needed. Rule 3: Wear proper clothing for outdoor, field experiences (hat, gloves, close-toed shoes, etc.). NEVER look directly at the sun when outdoors. Rule 4: Be sure you know where safety equipment is kept. Know how to use this equipment in case of an emergency.

3. 3 6.3B Use models to represent aspects of the natural world such as a model of Earth�s layers. It�s hard to picture the interior of the Earth because we cannot see it. The model to the left uses clay to show the layers found under the Earth�s surface. Models, such as the one shown, are not exact because the layers of the Earth are not as smooth or even as they look in the picture. The colors and state of the matter in each layer also varies from the model.

4. 4 6.3B Use models to represent aspects of the natural world such as a model of Earth�s layers. Every model has advantages and limitations. One advantage of the model below is that you can see all of Earth�s layers at once. This helps you learn the position of the layers.

5. 5 Science Process Skills: 6.1A; 6.3B; and 6.3C Answer questions 1-3 on your review sheet!

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13. 13 If you look at a map of the world, you may notice that some of the continents could fit together like pieces of a puzzle. If you look at a map of the world, you may notice that some of the continents could fit together like pieces of a puzzle�..the shape of Africa and South America are a good example. This is because they DID used to fit together! The Earth as we see it today was not always like it is now. Land masses have pulled apart and joined together by the process we call Plate Tectonics�. If you look at a map of the world, you may notice that some of the continents could fit together like pieces of a puzzle�..the shape of Africa and South America are a good example. This is because they DID used to fit together! The Earth as we see it today was not always like it is now. Land masses have pulled apart and joined together by the process we call Plate Tectonics�.

14. 14 Major Tectonic Plates

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17. 17 The Sun At the Center (and we do go around it �..) 99.85% mass of Solar System 92% H / 8% He Source of solar wind and space weather SOHO Image Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT) image of a huge, handle-shaped prominence taken on Sept. 14,1999 taken in the 304 angstrom wavelength - Prominences are huge clouds of relatively cool dense plasma suspended in the Sun's hot, thin corona. At times, they can erupt, escaping the Sun's atmosphere. Emission in this spectral line shows the upper chromosphere at a temperature of about 60,000 degrees K. Every feature in the image traces magnetic field structure. The hottest areas appear almost white, while the darker red areas indicate cooler temperatures. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA03149 More information on Sun at http://solarviews.com/eng/sun.htm And at http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/sol.html And at http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/ SOHO Image Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT) image of a huge, handle-shaped prominence taken on Sept. 14,1999 taken in the 304 angstrom wavelength - Prominences are huge clouds of relatively cool dense plasma suspended in the Sun's hot, thin corona. At times, they can erupt, escaping the Sun's atmosphere. Emission in this spectral line shows the upper chromosphere at a temperature of about 60,000 degrees K. Every feature in the image traces magnetic field structure. The hottest areas appear almost white, while the darker red areas indicate cooler temperatures. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA03149 More information on Sun at http://solarviews.com/eng/sun.htm And at http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/sol.html And at http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/

18. 18 Inner Planets �Terrestrial Planets� Rocky Dense Metal cores (iron)

19. 19 Asteroids �Minor planets� or �planetoids� less than 1000 km across Asteroid Belt between Mars and Jupiter Occasionally run into Earth and other planets (oops) Ida This view of the asteroid 243 Ida was acquired by the Galileo spacecraft at ranges of 3,057 to 3,821 kilometers (1,900 to 2,375 miles) on August 28, 1993, about 3.5 minutes before the spacecraft made its close approach to the asteroid. This view shows numerous craters, including many degraded craters larger than any seen on Gaspra. The south pole is believed to be in the dark side near the middle of the asteroid. (Courtesy NASA/JPL) More information on asteroids at: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/text/asteroids.txt And at http://www.nineplanets.org/asteroids.html Ida This view of the asteroid 243 Ida was acquired by the Galileo spacecraft at ranges of 3,057 to 3,821 kilometers (1,900 to 2,375 miles) on August 28, 1993, about 3.5 minutes before the spacecraft made its close approach to the asteroid. This view shows numerous craters, including many degraded craters larger than any seen on Gaspra. The south pole is believed to be in the dark side near the middle of the asteroid. (Courtesy NASA/JPL) More information on asteroids at: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/text/asteroids.txt And at http://www.nineplanets.org/asteroids.html

20. 20 Outer Planets Large! Gases and liquids No solid surface May have a small solid core Tumultuous atmospheres - rapid winds, large storms Rotate relatively quickly

21. 21 Orbits a star Round Not a star or a moon �Cleared Out� its orbit More information at http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/planetlila/#size And at http://www.iau.org/iau0601.424.0.htmlMore information at http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/planetlila/#size And at http://www.iau.org/iau0601.424.0.html

22. 22 Meteors, Meteoroids and Meteorites

23. 23 A large space rock that orbits the sun Most are about 1 km in diameter; largest in the asteroid belt is about 940 km No atmosphere Most found in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter

24. 24 Comets Dirty snowballs - small objects of ice, gas, dust, tiny traces of organic material More information at http://www.lpi.usra.edu/education/explore/comets/ What does a comet nucleus look like? Formed from the primordial stuff of the solar system, it is thought to resemble a very dirty iceberg. But for active comets, telescopic images only reveal the surrounding cloud of gas and dust, the comet's coma, and the characteristic cometary tails. In 1986, the European spacecraft Giotto encountered the nucleus of Halley's comet as it approached the sun. Data from Giotto's camera was used to generate this enhanced image of the potato shaped nucleus which measures roughly 15 kilometers across. It shows surface features on the dark nucleus against the bright background of the coma as the icy material is vaporized by the Sun's heat. Every 76 years Comet Halley returns to the inner solar system and each time the nucleus sheds about a 6 meter deep layer of its ice and rock into space. This debris composes Halley's tails and leaves an orbiting trail responsible for the Orionids meteor shower. More information at http://www.lpi.usra.edu/education/explore/comets/ What does a comet nucleus look like? Formed from the primordial stuff of the solar system, it is thought to resemble a very dirty iceberg. But for active comets, telescopic images only reveal the surrounding cloud of gas and dust, the comet's coma, and the characteristic cometary tails. In 1986, the European spacecraft Giotto encountered the nucleus of Halley's comet as it approached the sun. Data from Giotto's camera was used to generate this enhanced image of the potato shaped nucleus which measures roughly 15 kilometers across. It shows surface features on the dark nucleus against the bright background of the coma as the icy material is vaporized by the Sun's heat. Every 76 years Comet Halley returns to the inner solar system and each time the nucleus sheds about a 6 meter deep layer of its ice and rock into space. This debris composes Halley's tails and leaves an orbiting trail responsible for the Orionids meteor shower.

25. 25 More information at http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/ More information at http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/

26. 26 17th Century�Italian scientist Galileo explains the movement of heavenly bodies 1926�U.S. scientist Robert Goddard launches the first liquid-fuel rocket. October, 1957�Russia launches the first space satellite, Sputnik.

27. 27 1958�NASA is created; U.S. launches its first satellite 1961�First manned orbit flight by Russian cosmonaut, Yuri Gagarin 1962�First U.S. orbital flight by an American astronaut, John Glenn

28. 28 1968�The U.S. sends a manned spacecraft, Apollo 8, on a mission around the moon and back 1969�Apollo 11 becomes the first manned spacecraft to land on the moon�s surface 1969�Astronaut Neil Armstrong takes �one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.�

29. 29 1971-1973�Russia and the U.S. launch the first manned space stations 1981�Maiden flight of a U.S. shuttle 1998�Work begins on the International Space Station The future?????

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31. 31 Solid Propellant Rockets Solid rockets use chemicals containing oxygen such as potassium nitrate (KNO3) as an oxidizer for combustion. Thrust or pushing power of the rocket can be controlled by the packing of the core.

32. 32 Liquid Propellant Rockets Rockets powered by liquid propellant usually have two large tanks: one for fuel (gasoline, kerosene, alcohol, liquid hydrogen) and one for liquid oxygen. Liquid oxygen is chilled to -183?C to maintain its liquid form. The fuel and oxidizer are pumped into a combustion chamber where they ignite creating huge quantities of combustion products that shoot through the throat and are focused downward by the nozzle. The rate of combustion is easily regulated by controlling the mixing of fuel and oxygen.

33. 33 Dressed for launch!

34. 34 Image credit: NASA/JPL (photo montage and artist�s concept)Image credit: NASA/JPL (photo montage and artist�s concept)

35. Gravity Keeps Everything in Place NOW, meet the Universe�s Main Attraction:

36. The more mass an object has, the more gravity it has. The closer two objects are, the stronger the gravitational pull between them. SOOOOO, the more massive and the closer together two objects are, the greater the gravitational attraction between them.

37. Since the sun is the largest object and has the greatest mass in our solar system, it has an enormous gravitational force. The sun�s powerful gravity keeps the Earth and all the planets in orbit around it.

38. Gravity keeps everything in our Solar System in its place! What might happen if the force of gravity was turned off?

39. 39 Answer questions 13-15 on your review sheet.