Notes 3/11 Wolf essays due next time Clarifying citing of websites Come see us during office hours

1. Notes 3/11 • Wolf essays due next time • Clarifying citing of websites • Come see us during office hours

2. Mesa Verde Chaco • SW Prehistoric Cultures Geography • Reminder: Map quiz on 3/27 • Square=modern culture, circle=prehistoric

3. Other Southwest Prehistoric Cultures • Mogollon: • - • Sinagua: - • Environmental-human aspects

4. Mogollon Rim • Transition between – • Crosses AZ and NM • - • -

5. Mogollon Climate • - • - • -

6. Mogollon Ecosystems • Rocky Mt. like • - • - • - • - • Forests quite productive. White Mountains, AZ

7. Mimbres, NM • - • - • -

8. Mogollon Habitation As with other cultures: • - • - • Point of Pines Pueblo: • - • - • -

9. Mogollon Subsistence • Big and small game • - • - • Native and cultivated plants • -

10. Pinyon Pine • - • -

11. Mogollon Agriculture • Central Highlands not perfect for corn: • - • - • - • - • Little water control • -

12. Mogollon Pottery • Started out plain • Ultimately, Mimbres magic • - • - • - • -

13. Saltwater fish?

14. Mogollon Termination AD 1300: • - • But, drought from 1325 – 1355 • - • - • -

16. Winner: Most Heartbreaking Abandonment • - • - .-

17. Sinagua • Derivative of Mogollon • - • Northern group: = -- • - • - • Southern group: = -- • - • - • Don’t miss Montezuma and Wupatki.

18. Northern Wupatki Sinagua Southern

19. Colton: Black Sand • - • - • - • - • -

21. Any Need to Study Past Abrupt Environmental Events? • Katrina • - • - • -

22. A.D. 1064 Control Ring width Event Time

23. AD 1064 1020 1050 1030

24. An Issue with Black Sand Theory • Eruption of Sunset Crater: = -- • First tree-ring dates of Wupatki: = -- • - • Could AD 1064 signal be due to something else?

25. How to study Sunset Crater eruption better?

26. El Tocón Paricutinense 43

27. Northern Sinagua Subsistence • Small game hunting: • - • -- • Agriculture innovations: • - • - • - • -

28. Northern Sinagua Abandonment • By AD 1250 • : - • - • Early 1300s: - • -

29. Verde Valley Sinagua Nice place: • - • - • - • - • Elevational ecotone: • - • -

30. 5 stories • 50 rooms • Mis-named Montezuma Castle • Deep in a limestone cave

31. Why Cliff Dwelling? • Defense: - • Farmland: - • Floods: - • Weathering: - • -

33. N

35. Montezuma Well • - • - • - • - • A must-see.

36. - • -

37. What Environmentally Could Possibly Go Wrong at Montezuma’s Well? • Modern day arsenic = 100 µg/L • 1 L = 1000 ml = 1000 g • 1 µg/L = 1 part per billion (ppb) • US EPA limits • Pre-2000: 50 ppb • Proposed: 5 ppb • Health effects: cancers, other illnesses

38. Mogollon/Sinagua Summary • Mogollon– mountains • Hunting, gathering, some farming • Pinyon nuts • Some terraces • Big sites (400 rooms) • Mogollon (Mimbres) • Alluvium & farming • Elaborate pottery • Big pueblos—400+rooms • Depopulations—ca. 1300s—slightly later than Kayenta; drought

39. Mogollon/Sinagua Summary • Sinagua North & South • North—Flagstaff area • Sunset Crater (modern homework) • Land rush • Erosion of black sand; drought ca. 1350 • South—Verde Valley • Montezuma Castle—passive solar • Montezuma Well—arsenic • Abandoned by mid-1300s