Water and Minerals: The Ocean Within

1. Water and Minerals: The Ocean Within BIOL 103, Chapter 10-2

2. Today’s Topic • Trace Minerals: • Iron, Zinc, Selenium, Iodine, Copper, Manganese, Fluoride, Chromium, Molybdenum • Other Trace Minerals and Ultratrace minerals

3. Trace Minerals • Cofactors for _____________ • Components of _________________ • Participate in many chemical reaction • Essential for: • ______________________ • Immune System

4. Iron • Functions: • ______________ transport (as part of hemoglobin and myoglobin) • Hemoglobin: carries oxygen in __________________ • Myoglobin: moves oxygen into ______________________ • Cofactor for enzymes • Participates in reactions involving energy production, amino acid metabolism, muscle function, etc. • _____________________ function • Brain function • Nerve cell ________________________: iron helps produce myelin sheath • Nerve cell ________________: iron helps produce neurotransmitters

5. Regulation of Iron in the body • Iron absorption depends on: • ________________ (primary factor) • Absorption varies, depending on the person’s needs • _________________ absorption when circulating iron and iron reserves are low. • GI function • Depends on __________________________ • ______________________________ of iron in food • 2 types of iron found in food: • Heme iron: found in the hemoglobin and myoglobin of animal foods • Non-heme iron: iron in plants and animal foods that is not part of hemoglobin or myoglobin.

6. Problem Set 10, Q3 • Explain the difference between heme and non-heme iron. Which is absorbed better?

7. Iron • Iron absorption is affected by the following dietary factors: • Enhance (for non-heme iron): ______________________ • Inhibit: • _______________________________________bind to non-heme iron • ______________________________________compete for absorption • Transport and storage: • Transporter: _______________________________ • Storage form of iron: ________________________ • Turnover and losses: • Rapid growth and blood expansion (infant  young children) • ____________________________ (menstruation, feces, sweat) • _________________________(ulcer, cancer, parasitic infection)

8. Iron • Food sources: • Red meat, oyster, legumes, tofu, whole grains • Deficiency: • ________________________________ • Toxicity: • Adult doses can cause poisoning in children • Hereditary hemochromatosis – a genetic disorder in which ____________________ results in abnormal iron deposits in the liver and other tissues.

9. Zinc Functions • Enzymes • Helps provide _______________ or ___________ catalytic ability • Ex: In the retina, zinc must interact with enzyme that activates vitamin A  night vision • Gene regulations • Helps small proteins to fold so that the proteins can interact with ____________  “turns on” gene  _________________________ ________________________________________ • Immune system • Helps develop and maintain immune system • Others: • Taste perception • ______________________________________

10. Regulation of Zinc in the Body • Absorption: • Similar to ________________ • Depends on body’s needs, zinc content of the meal, and presence of competing minerals • ______________ and supplemental calcium inhibit absorption • Transport, distribution, and excretion: • Zinc circulates in the bloodstream bound to protein, traveling to the liver and tissues. • Food sources: • Red meats, seafood

11. Zinc • Deficiency: • Uncommon, but may occur in people with illness that impair absorption • ______________ and ____________________________ • Toxicity: • Usually rare • Can cause copper deficiency: • Q: Why is this is beneficial for those with Wilson’s disease (genetic disorder that increases copper absorption)?

12. Selenium • Functions: • Part of _________________ enzyme • __________ metabolism: selenium-dependent enzymes __________ the major thyroid hormone. • _______________ function • Absorption and excretion: • Bound to amino acid (MET or CYS) • Enhance absorption: ________________ • Inhibits absorption: _________________

13. Selenium • Food sources: • Organ meats, fish, seafood, meats • Deficiency: • Increase susceptibility to some infections • Keshan disease: enlarged heart disorder in children • Worsens _________________ (low thyroid hormones  slowing of mental/physical functions) • Toxicity: • _________________________

14. Iodine • Function: _____________________production • Food sources: • __________________, fish, seafood, dairy • Deficiency: • Goiter: enlarged thyroid gland • Low iodine  low thyroid hormone  produces more ___________________________  thyroid gland grows bigger • Cretinism: mental retardation • Occurs during pregnancy • Can be caused by ________________ deficiency • Toxicity: • ____________________ • Too much iodine  inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis  less thyroid hormone  thyroid gland grows bigger.

15. Problem Set 10 Question #4: Q: Explain two ways someone can have hypothyroidism. (Hint: which two minerals are involved?)

16. Copper • Functions: • _______________________________production • Immune function • Involved with antioxidant enzyme • Works with ceruloplasmin, a copper-dependent enzyme required for ______________________. • Absorption and storage: • Absorption varies from ___________________ • Interferes with absorption: ________________

17. Copper • Deficiency: • Causes ___________________ • Because copper deficiency reduces production of red and white blood cells • Poor immune function • Toxicity: • Relatively non-toxic • Food sources: • Organ meats, shellfish, nuts, legumes

18. Manganese • Functions: • ________________ production • ________________ formation • Antioxidant enzyme systems • Food sources: • Tea, nuts, cereals • Deficiency: • Some illness may cause suboptimal Magnesium status: • __________________________________: a progressive disease that destroys myelin sheath surrounding nerve fibers of the brain and spinal cord • Toxicity: • Incidents due to ___________________________ • Symptoms: hallucinations, memory/motor coordination.

19. Fluoride • Functions: • _____________________ structure by promoting deposits of calcium and phosphorous. • Fluoride Sources (Problem Set 10 Question# 5): • Fluoridated water • Fluoride supplements, toothpastes, mouthwash • Toxicity: • Excess can cause fluorosis: ______________________ ____________________________________ • The fluoridation debate

20. Chromium • Functions: • __________________ metabolism • Enhances insulin’s ability to move glucose into cells. • Food sources: • Mushrooms, dark chocolate, nuts, whole grains • Deficiency and toxicity: • Difficult to determine deficiency • ______________

21. Molybdenum • Functions: • _______________ cofactor • Food sources • Peas, beans, organ meats, some breakfast cereals • Absorption: • Inhibit: ________________ • Deficiency/Toxicity: • Deficiency: _____________ • Toxicity: _______________

22. Other Trace Minerals and Ultratrace Minerals • Ultratrace minerals: Iodine, Fluoride, Manganese, Molybdenum, Selenium • (Pages 429-430) • Other Trace Minerals: Arsenic, Boron, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium