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The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750

18. The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750. The Transformation of the West. The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce, 1450-1650 The Commercial Revolution The Scientific Revolution: The Next Phase of Change Political Change The West by 1750. The Transformation of the West.

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The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750

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  1. 18 The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750

  2. The Transformation of the West • The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce, 1450-1650 • The Commercial Revolution • The Scientific Revolution: The Next Phase of Change • Political Change • The West by 1750

  3. The Transformation of the West

  4. The Italian Renaissance • Begins 14th, 15th centuries • In northern Italy • Italy • Urbanized • Merchant class • Political rivalry

  5. The Italian Renaissance • Petrarch, Boccaccio • Use Italian • Secular topics • Painting • Use of perspective • Shadow, distance • Focus on humans

  6. Western Europe in the Renaissance and Reformation

  7. The Italian Renaissance • Michelango Buonarotti • Leonardo da Vinci • Nicolo Machiavelli • Humanism • Looking back to classical past • Study of texts, especially ancient

  8. The Renaissance Moves Northward • By 1500, impetus moves north • Northern Renaissance • France, Low Countries, England, Germany • Thence to eastern Europe • More concerned with religious matters • William Shakespeare • Miguel de Cervantes

  9. The Protestant and Catholic Reformations • 1517, Martin Luther's challenge • Attacks church institutions • Bible the only authority • Vernacular translations • Protestant protest used for political gain • German opposition to the papacy • Rulers seize church lands

  10. The Protestant and Catholic Reformations • Henry VIII • Establishes Anglican church • Jean Calvin • Calvinism • Predestination 10

  11. The Protestant and Catholic Reformations • Catholic Reformation • Renewal • Jesuits • Missionaries • Education

  12. The End of Christian Unityin the West • Religious Wars • France • Calvinists v. Catholics • 1598, Edict of Nantes • Promises Protestants’ toleration • 30 Years War (1618-1648) • Devastating to Germany • Netherlands independent • Literacy increases

  13. Europe Under Absolute Monarchy, 1715

  14. European Population Density, c.1600

  15. The Commercial Revolution • The Impact of the World Economy • Inflation, 16th century • Gold, silver from New World • Demand outstrips supply

  16. Social Protest • Proletariat develops • Attitudes towards poor change • Protests • Witchcraft hysteria

  17. The Scientific Revolution: The Next Phase of Change • Did Copernicus Copy? • Nicolai Copernicus • Polish monk • Knowledge of work of al-Urdi, al-Tusi? • Earlier Arab scientists

  18. Science: The New Authority • New instruments add to data collection • Galileo Galilei • Uses Copernicus' work • Kepler’s observations confirm earlier work • William Harvey • Circulatory system

  19. Science: The New Authority • Methods • Francis Bacon • Empirical research • René Descartes • Skepticism • Isaac Newton • System of natural laws

  20. Science: The New Authority • Deism • God does not intervene with nature • John Locke • Use of reason

  21. Political Change • Absolute and Parliamentary Monarchies • 17th century, medieval balance disrupted • France dominates • Centralized monarchy • Bureaucracy • “Absolute monarchy" • Louis XIV the best example • Nobles kept at court

  22. Political Change • Absolute and Parliamentary Monarchies • Other absolute monarchs • Spain, Prussia, Austria-Hungary • Territorial expansion • England • Difference • Civil War • Parliament triumphant

  23. Western Europe under Absolute Monarchies

  24. The Nation-State Definition • Common language, culture • National literature, songs, foods • Territorial aspect • Common allegiance

  25. The West by 1750 • Political Patterns • Great change in central Europe • Frederick the Great of Prussia • Religious freedom • State regulates economy • Overseas commercial networks

  26. The West by 1750 • Political Patterns • Continual warfare • France v. Britain • Rivalry over overseas territory • Prussia v. Austria • Territorial conflicts

  27. Enlightenment Thought andPopular Culture • Scientific Revolution leads to Enlightenment • Scientific methods applied to other fields • General principles • People are good • Reason the answer • Belief in progress

  28. Enlightenment Thought andPopular Culture • Political science • Adam Smith • Laissez-faire • Criminology • Society • Women's rights • Protection of children • Attack inequities

  29. Ongoing Change in Commerce and Manufacturing • Mass consumerism • Agriculture • Nitrogen-fixing crops • Stockbreeding • Swamp drainage • Potatoes, etc. introduced • Domestic system • Households produce finished goods

  30. Innovation and Instability • Change becomes the norm

  31. Global Connections:Europe and the World • Proto-globalization • European attitudes towards others take shape • Feeling of superiority • The “noble savage”

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