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Transformation of the West

Transformation of the West. Chapter 17, pgs 368-386. Periodization. 1300-1450 : Italian Renaissance 1450-1600 : Northern Renaissance, Reformation, Commercial Revolution 1600-1700 : Scientific Revolution, Political change 1700-1800 : Enlightenment.

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Transformation of the West

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  1. Transformation of the West Chapter 17, pgs 368-386

  2. Periodization 1300-1450: Italian Renaissance 1450-1600: Northern Renaissance, Reformation, Commercial Revolution 1600-1700: Scientific Revolution, Political change 1700-1800: Enlightenment

  3. First Changes: Culture & Commerce • Petrarch – writings of pride & human achievement contrast w/ previous more religious periods A New Spirit

  4. 1 of 2 Renaissance Italy ~urban center, commercial center~ • Humanism = focus on humankind • Examples: Literature, Art, Politics • Economic effects • Political effects

  5. 2 of 2 Renaissance Northern Renaissance ~political independence & trade decline in Med~ • More religious, but humanism continues • Political effects • Impact of Renaissance was limited however

  6. Changes in Technology & Family • Contacts spurred new technology • New European-style family emerged

  7. 1 of 2 Protestant & Catholic Reformation • Martin Luther challenged the Catholic Church • Believed faith = salvation • Protestantism was born • Political appeal • Peasant appeal

  8. 2 of 2 Protestant & Catholic Reformation • After unity breached, other Protestant groups sprang forward • Anglican: England (Henry VIII) • Calvinism • Catholic Reformation • Catholic Church fights back, successfully in S. Europe

  9. End of Christian Unity in West • Effects of Reformation: • Religious wars • Some religious pluralism, not liberty • Political benefits mixed • Beyond politics • Less connection b/t god & nature • Gender relations • Literacy

  10. Commercial Revolution • New levels of trade • Caused by world economy & inflation • Colonial markets stimulate manufacturing • Prosperity of commoners improves too • Average 5x more “things” than SE Europeans

  11. Social Protest • Formation of proletariat • Rising population & food prices hit poor hard ↳ Increased tension b/t rich & poor

  12. Next Changes: Science & Politics • Scientific Revolution • Rise of nation-state • Copernicus = 1st step in scientific revolution Did Copernicus Copy?

  13. 1 of 2 Science: The New Authority • Examples of scientists who followed Copernicus • Kepler • Vesalius • Galileo • Harvey • Bacon • Descartes • Newton • Locke

  14. 2 of 2 Science: The New Authority • Impact of scientific revolution: • Spread of scientific knowledge • Belief in human control & understanding environment • Attacks on traditional religious ideas • Wide assumption about human progress • Science = center of intellectual life for 1st time

  15. Absolute & Parliamentary Monarchies • Decline of feudal monarchy = 2 new government forms • Absolute Monarchy • Example: France • Parliamentary Monarchy • Example: England

  16. The Nation-State • Governments who increasingly ruled peoples of common culture & language • Resulted in: • New loyalties & political bonds …which resulted in • Commoners believing gov should act in their interests …which resulted in • New functions of gov (like economics)

  17. The West by 1750

  18. Political Patterns • By end of period, political change drawing to close in England & France • Change continued in Prussia however • Frederick the Great • Warfare b/t nations continued often b/c of rivalry

  19. 1 of 2 Enlightenment Thought • Cultural changes as result of applying rational thought to human society • Enlightenment principles = • - • - • - • -

  20. 2 of 2 Enlightenment Thought • Popularization & changes for ordinary people • Common exchanges of ideas • Increasingly wide audiences for findings • Attitudes toward children changed • Family hierarchy weakened

  21. Ongoing Change in Commerce • Commerce & consumerism spread to ordinary life • Agriculture • Manufacturing ↳ Population explosion

  22. Innovation & Instability • Interconnection of developments is key • Change in Europe = change in view of others • Backwards, if not uncivilized Global Connections

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