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The Transformation of the West: A Journey Through Renaissance, Reformation, and Enlightenment

Explore the evolution of Western civilization from the Italian Renaissance to the Enlightenment, emphasizing key periods of change and innovation in art, politics, religion, and science. Discover the impact of humanism, the Reformation, the Commercial Revolution, and the Scientific Revolution on society. Dive into the rise of nation-states, the changing role of monarchies, and the cultural shifts brought about by the Enlightenment. Witness how commerce, science, and politics shaped the Western world, leading to a new era of progress and global connections.

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The Transformation of the West: A Journey Through Renaissance, Reformation, and Enlightenment

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  1. Transformation of the West Chapter 17, pgs 368-386

  2. Periodization 1300-1450: Italian Renaissance 1450-1600: Northern Renaissance, Reformation, Commercial Revolution 1600-1700: Scientific Revolution, Political change 1700-1800: Enlightenment

  3. First Changes: Culture & Commerce • Petrarch – writings of pride & human achievement contrast w/ previous more religious periods A New Spirit

  4. 1 of 2 Renaissance Italy ~urban center, commercial center~ • Humanism = focus on humankind • Examples: Literature, Art, Politics • Economic effects • Political effects

  5. 2 of 2 Renaissance Northern Renaissance ~political independence & trade decline in Med~ • More religious, but humanism continues • Political effects • Impact of Renaissance was limited however

  6. Changes in Technology & Family • Contacts spurred new technology • New European-style family emerged

  7. 1 of 2 Protestant & Catholic Reformation • Martin Luther challenged the Catholic Church • Believed faith = salvation • Protestantism was born • Political appeal • Peasant appeal

  8. 2 of 2 Protestant & Catholic Reformation • After unity breached, other Protestant groups sprang forward • Anglican: England (Henry VIII) • Calvinism • Catholic Reformation • Catholic Church fights back, successfully in S. Europe

  9. End of Christian Unity in West • Effects of Reformation: • Religious wars • Some religious pluralism, not liberty • Political benefits mixed • Beyond politics • Less connection b/t god & nature • Gender relations • Literacy

  10. Commercial Revolution • New levels of trade • Caused by world economy & inflation • Colonial markets stimulate manufacturing • Prosperity of commoners improves too • Average 5x more “things” than SE Europeans

  11. Social Protest • Formation of proletariat • Rising population & food prices hit poor hard ↳ Increased tension b/t rich & poor

  12. Next Changes: Science & Politics • Scientific Revolution • Rise of nation-state • Copernicus = 1st step in scientific revolution Did Copernicus Copy?

  13. 1 of 2 Science: The New Authority • Examples of scientists who followed Copernicus • Kepler • Vesalius • Galileo • Harvey • Bacon • Descartes • Newton • Locke

  14. 2 of 2 Science: The New Authority • Impact of scientific revolution: • Spread of scientific knowledge • Belief in human control & understanding environment • Attacks on traditional religious ideas • Wide assumption about human progress • Science = center of intellectual life for 1st time

  15. Absolute & Parliamentary Monarchies • Decline of feudal monarchy = 2 new government forms • Absolute Monarchy • Example: France • Parliamentary Monarchy • Example: England

  16. The Nation-State • Governments who increasingly ruled peoples of common culture & language • Resulted in: • New loyalties & political bonds …which resulted in • Commoners believing gov should act in their interests …which resulted in • New functions of gov (like economics)

  17. The West by 1750

  18. Political Patterns • By end of period, political change drawing to close in England & France • Change continued in Prussia however • Frederick the Great • Warfare b/t nations continued often b/c of rivalry

  19. 1 of 2 Enlightenment Thought • Cultural changes as result of applying rational thought to human society • Enlightenment principles = • - • - • - • -

  20. 2 of 2 Enlightenment Thought • Popularization & changes for ordinary people • Common exchanges of ideas • Increasingly wide audiences for findings • Attitudes toward children changed • Family hierarchy weakened

  21. Ongoing Change in Commerce • Commerce & consumerism spread to ordinary life • Agriculture • Manufacturing ↳ Population explosion

  22. Innovation & Instability • Interconnection of developments is key • Change in Europe = change in view of others • Backwards, if not uncivilized Global Connections

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