Chap. 10 Regional Ecology – Major Ecosystem Types and Biomes

1. Chap. 10 Regional Ecology – Major Ecosystem Types and Biomes 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 國立台南大學 環境與生態學院 2008年2月至6月

2. Regional Ecology • Marine Ecosystems • Freshwater Ecosystems • Terrestrial biomes • Human-designed and managed systems chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

3. Table 10-1. chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

4. chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

5. 1 Marine Ecosystems • the major oceans (Antarctic, Arctic, Atlantic, India, and Pacific) and their connectors and extensions cover approximately 70% of the surface of Earth. • Physical factors dominate life in the ocean. • Waves, tides, currents, salinity, temperature, pressure, and light intensity. • Ocean play a major role in shaping the weather and climate over the entire Earth. chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

6. 海洋表面與海底 chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

7. Fig. 10-2. The major upwellings (dark areas) and ocean currents driven by the winds and by Earth’s rotation. chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

8. Upwelling regions • High concentration of nutrients and organisms • The immense fish (and bird) population can be attributed not only to high productivity but also to short food chains. Some species that are carnivorous in oceanic region become herbivorous in upwelling regions. • Sediments deposited on the sea floor have high organic content. • In contrast to the richness of the sea, the adjacent land area is often a coastal desert because winds must blow from land to sea. chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

9. Fug. 10-3. Transects of (A) a sandy beach and (B) a rocky shore, showing zones and characteristic dominant species. chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

10. Fug. 10-3. Transects of (A) a sandy beach and (B) a rocky shore, showing zones and characteristic dominant species. chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

11. Fig. 10-4. Map of the deep sea hydrothermal vents of the world. chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

12. 圖2. (B) 於1,500公尺深的海底，熱水的噴出，水溫高達335oC。噴口有笠貝雨水底軟體蟲。 圖2 (c) 火山口的另一個區域。水溫只有15oC。大型的多毛蟲 chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

13. Essay 海底的特殊生活方式 • 於近Galapagos 島嶼的深海底，沒有陽光。但有許多生物在此地區生活。 • 這個地區的能量是來自地熱，有機物質是源自細菌分解 H2S，而不是H2O。 • 類似這種生活，分散在全球多處深海底。 chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

14. Essay 海底的特殊生活方式 chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

15. Marine ecosystems • Estuaries (河口區) • Seashores (海岸區) • Mangroves (紅樹林) • Coral reefs (珊瑚礁) chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

16. A rocky shore • Georgia salt marsh chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

17. Intertidal Zonation chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

18. Fig. 10-6. (A) Red Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

19. Coral Reefs - Types chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

20. chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

21. 2 Freshwater Ecosystems • lentic (standing-water) ecosystem: lakes and ponds • lotic (running-water) ecosystem: springs, streams, and rivers • wetlands: marshes and swamps chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

22. chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

23. Fig. 10-7. (B) a pond depicting the littoral zone dominated by cattails (Typha) (香蒲) chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

24. Fig. 10-7 (C) A stream ( lotic ecosystem) chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

25. Lentic ecosystems • Littoral zone, containing rooted vegetation along the shore • Liminetic zone (open water), dominated by plankton • Epilimnion, hypolimnion, thermocline • Profundal zone (deep-water), containing only heterotrophs • Benthic zone, dominated by bottom-dwelling organisms. chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

26. Lake Structure chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

27. Lotic ecosystems • River continuum concept, involving longitudinal changes in community metabolism, biotic diversity, and particle size from headwater to river mouth, describes how biotic communities adjust to changing conditions. • A rapid zone • A pool zone chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

28. Freshwater wetlands • A freshwater wetland is defined as any area covered by shallow freshwater for a least part of the annual cycle; accordingly, wetland soils are saturated with water continually or for part of the year. • Riverine wetlands • Lacustrine (lake) wetlands • Palustrine (marsh) wetlands • Forested wetlands (swamp) chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

29. Fig. 10-8. Microbial decomposition and recycling in wetland sediments. The four major anaerobic decomposers gasify—and thereby recycle into the atmosphere—carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

30. Fig. 10-9. (A) a wetland forest (swamp) chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

31. chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

32. Fig. 10-10. (A) a northern salt marsh. chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

33. Fig. 10-10. (B) Low tide on a tidal marsh are typical chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

34. Fig. 10-10. (C) A freshwater tidal marsh with cypress trees bordering on the Altamaha River. chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

35. 3 Terrestrial Biomes • biomes, the level of organization between the landscape and global (ecosphere) levels of organization. • life zone concept • Based on the relationship between climate and vegetation. • association, • a unique ecosystem type or natural unit of vegetation, often dominated by particular species. chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

36. 3 Terrestrial Biomes • ecoregions, • ecosystems based on a continuous geographic or landscape area across which the interactions of climate, soil, and topography are sufficiently uniform to permit the development of similar types of vegetation. • life form • grass, shrub, deciduous tree, coniferous,….. chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

37. Fig. 10-11. Whittaker’s (1975) patterns of world plant formations, based on the relationship of mean annual precipitation (cm) to mean annual temperature (oC) chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

38. chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

39. Fig. 10-13. Major biomes of the world chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

40. Fig. 10-13 (B) Schematic map of the major biomes of North America. chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

41. Fig. 10-14. Distribution of six major biomes in terms of mean annual temperature and mean annual rainfall. chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

42. Tundra– Arctic and Alpine • Polar and high-mountain ice caps • Northern Coniferous forest biomes • Temperate deciduous forests • Temperate Grasslands • Tropical Grasslands and savannas • Chaparral and sclerophyllous woodland • Deserts • Semi-evergreen seasonal tropical forests • Tropical rain forests • Tropical scrub or thornwoods • Mountains • Caves chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

43. Fig. 10-15. Two views of the Tundra in July on the Coastal plain near the Arctic Research Laboratory. chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

44. chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

45. Fig. 10-16. Three kinds of coniferous forests. (A) A high-altitudes forest of Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir in Colorado. chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

46. Fig. 10-18 (B) A spruce forest in Idaho with yellow in the fall. chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

47. Fig. 10-18. (C) An example of a moist coniferous forest, often termed temperate rain forest. chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

48. Fig. 10-17 (A) A virgin stand of deciduous temperate forest in Hueston Woods State Park, near Oxford, Ohio. chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

49. Fig. 10-18. Konza Prairie, a 3487 hectare native tallgrass prairie, located n the Flint Hills region of northeastern Kansas, is dominated by perennial, warm-season grasses. chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes

50. chap.10 Major Ecosystem types and Biomes