The Tide of the War Turns

1. The Tide of the War Turns Chapter 17 1863-1865

2. 1. Emancipation Proclamation • To understand the reasons for the call for emancipation • To identify the significance of the Emancipation Proclamation • To analyze the response to the proclamation • To describe the role of African-American soldiers in the war

3. Calls for Emancipation • Abolitionists urge Lincoln to end slavery • Criticisms of Lincoln ranged • Lincoln did not want the issue of slavery to further divide the country • By the summer 1862 time had come • Lincoln simply waited for the right moment • After the Battle of Antietam, Congress was ready to listen to any new idea What was Lincoln’s first priority throughout the war?

4. The Emancipation Proclamation • January 1, 1863 the Emancipation Proclamation was issued. • It had a huge public impact…but freed very few slaves • Slave holdings only in the south were targeted by the proclamation • Why target only the South? • The power to act • Constitution vs Commander-in-Chief • Asked Congress for aid over time Why did Lincoln free slaves only in the South?

5. Response to the Proclamation • “We shout for joy that we live to record this righteous decree,” Frederick Douglass • Still many believed Lincoln had not gone far enough • Northern Democrats claimed that the proclamation would worsen the war • Army mostly responded positively to the issue • White southerners were enraged…runaways would increase and volunteers would increase in the north Compare the reactions of Union soldiers and white Southerners?

6. African-American Soldiers • Black enrollment in the army was now legal • Many believed that service was the best way for African-Americans to prove their citizenship • At the start of the war only a couple of regiments existed, by war’s end about 180,000 black soldiers were in the north. • Army life was that much harder for African-Americans • Worse jobs, and being paid less did not stop them How did the E.P. affect African-American enlistment?

7. The 54th Massachusetts • More than a couple regiments refused to be paid • One of the first African-American regiments, the 54th, became famous during the Civil War • The 54th made their name at the battle of Fort Wagner • Their courage made them a household name in the north • The risks were just as high or higher for free-black soldiers • Death or enslavement…

8. 2. War Affects Society • To analyze discontent with the war • To explain anger over the draft laws • To identify the economic effects of the war and resistance by enslaved Americans • To describe how women aided in the war effort and to evaluate conditions in Northern and Southern prison camps

9. Disagreement about the War • People were growing tired of the War • Troubles are brewing in the South • Riots break out in cities in the South, even Richmond • In 1863, nearly 40% of soldiers would leave the army • State rights were interfering with the Confederacy’s ability to wage war • No picnic in the North either • Copperheads, Northern Democrats that favored peace with the South, lead opposition • Habeas Corpus would be suspended Why were people arrested in the North?

10. The Draft Laws • Both the North and South would start Conscription • South would start a draft in 1862, but by 1863 all white men between 18-45 were required to enlist • Exceptions: Planters with 20 or more slaves or wealthy men that could afford up to $6000 for a substitutes • North would try to keep draftees down in the North by offering a bounty of $300 for volunteers • New York draft riots • 4 days of death (100) and destruction How did the different drafts create divisions amongst the people?

11. Economic Effects of the War • Food shortages would become common place, especially in the South • Most soldiers were farmers • Army needs trumped civilian • Inflation – food cost 6.65 to $68 1863. 9000 % increase • North had a stronger economy to combat inflation • Northern industry would change the US • Income taxes 1861 would increase the value of greenbacks • Greenbacks were a new currency that helped stabilize the North’s economy

12. Resistance by Slaves • Though many slaves were not freed by the Emancipation Proclamation, resistance would increase • Slow work, Sabotage, destroying crops and farm equipment • Most slaves would refuse to flee from Union troops • By the end of the war more than ½ a million would run away to the North Why would Union soldiers begin to label runaway slaves as contraband?

13. Women aid the War Effort • Both in the North and South women had to fulfill more roles • All jobs, outside of the military, were fair game • Relief agencies would organize women to wash clothing, gather supplies, and cook for soldiers • Dorothea Dix would lead 3000 female nurses • Northern and Southern Spies • Belle Boyd proved that pillow talk was dangerous • Arrested 6 times • Continued to give messages from prison

14. Civil War Prison Camps • North or South, Prison Camps were slow ways to die • Elmira, New York – Winters would claim the life of 24% of the 12,121 Prisoners • Andersonville, Georgia – built for 10,000 housed 33,000 Walt Whitman, “Can those be men?”

15. The North Wins • To evaluate the importance of the Battle of Gettysburg • To evaluate the importance of the siege of Vicksburg and Sherman’s march to the coast • To trace the Virginia campaign to Appomattox • To describe the surrender at Appomattox

16. The Road to Gettysburg • September 1862: After Antietam, McClellan is replaced by Ambrose Burnside • McClellan will run against Lincoln in 1864 election • At the battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia, Burnside loses 12,600 Union soldiers • Burnside is replaced by Joseph Hooker, he loses against Lee in May at Chancellor, VA • General Hooker loses but Lee loses Stonewall • McClellan-Burnside-Hooker-Meade…

17. The Battle of Gettysburg • July 1st -3rd • Gen. Meade & 90,000 Union Troops • Gen. Lee & 75,000 Confederates • Cemetery Ridge • Pickett’s Charge • No counter attack • Union lose 23,000 • Rebels lose 28,000

18. Siege of Vicksburg • Vicksburg was the last major Southern stronghold on the Mississippi • Grant would try to attack head but it would fail, so instead he would lay siege to it • The Confederates would be starved out • The fall of Vicksburg fulfilled a major part of the Anaconda Plan • Lincoln would appoint Grant head of the Union Army

19. Sherman’s Total War • General William Tecumseh Sherman • Led the southern assault, while Grant pursued Lee • Sherman would take Atlanta, and carve a path of destruction 60 miles wide and 300 miles long • Lincoln needed the success of Sherman to help him run for re-election

20. Grant’s Virginia Campaign • Sherman would turn north after taking Savannah • His goal was to meet with Grant • Grant is busy attacking Lee • Battle of the Wilderness, May 1864, 17,000 Union dead • Cold Harbor, June 1864, 7,000 Union Dead • Petersburg, June 1864-April 1865, about 70,000 total • Richmond falls April 3rd 1865

21. Surrender at Appomattox • General Lee flees Richmond hoping to get some breathing room • By April 9th, 1865, Lee will send a rider to arrange his surrender • Lee and Grant would meet at a small town called Appomattox Court House. • Terms were offered and agreed on

22. The Legacy of the War • To analyze the economic, physical, and emotional costs of the Civil War • To explain the significance of the Thirteenth Amendment • To describe the events related to President Lincoln’s assassination • To summarize the consequences of the Civil War

23. Costs of the War • Lincoln hoped to heal the nation, by bringing the south back into the Union quickly • Hard feelings on both sides would slow the process • Between 620,000-780,000 soldiers died • Low end estimates: 360,000 Union/260,000 Confederates • Wounded 275,000 Union/260,000 Confederates • Around 3 million soldiers total, about 10% of the population • Federal Debt at the end of the war was around 2.7 Billion

24. The Thirteenth Amendment • As Union soldiers pushed through the south, millions of slaves would be freed • The Emancipation Proclamation would be read to gathered slaves throughout the southern states • Slavery still existed in the border states, so Pres. Lincoln tried to pass an amendment • Thirteenth Amendment would be passed Jan. 1865 • Freeing all slaves, and banning it in the United States

25. Lincoln’s Assassination • Lincoln would not live to see the end of slavery • Five days after Appomattox, John Wilkes Booth, would assassinate the President • On the same day, Secretary of State William Seward would be stabbed • One accomplice would fail to carry out an attack on V.P. Johnson

26. Consequences of the War • The North no longer saw the country as group of states working together, rather one nation. • No longer “the United States are” but rather “the United States is” • Federal Government grew larger • Northern economy had also changed, industry had begun to replace farming • The South’s economy was destroyed from 30% of the nation’s wealth to 12%