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Chapter 25

Chapter 25. Indian Independence. August 14, 1957. Invasions. Indus Valley Civilization 2500 BCE Aryans 1500 BCE Invaded through Hindu Kush Pushed dark skinned Dravidians south Persians, Greeks Unsuccessful invasions Muslims 1500 CE established Mughal Empire. Khyber Pass. Europeans.

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Chapter 25

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  1. Chapter 25

  2. Indian Independence August 14, 1957

  3. Invasions • Indus Valley Civilization 2500 BCE • Aryans 1500 BCE • Invaded through Hindu Kush • Pushed dark skinned Dravidians south • Persians, Greeks • Unsuccessful invasions • Muslims • 1500 CE established Mughal Empire

  4. Khyber Pass

  5. Europeans • Traders from Europe • French, Dutch, Portuguese • British – 1757 - gain control through East India Tea Company • 1857 Indians revolt, put down by British gov’t • Raj lasts almost 100 years

  6. Mohandas Gandhi leads nonviolent resistance

  7. Government • Democracy • Difficult with many languages, cultures, religions

  8. Economy • Subsistence farming • Land reform • 5% hold 25% of land • Green Revolution • “new” agricultural practices • Crop yields went up, but are now declining • Many reverting to organic practices

  9. Industry • Textiles, clothing • Iron ore, steel • High tech centers in Mumbai, Bangalore

  10. Marriage and Family • Arranged marriages • Bride price (dowry) • Female children not wanted • Son takes care of parents • Vegetarian • Education valued

  11. Hinduism • 4 Main Varnas • Brahmans • Priests, scholars • Kshatriyas • Rulers, warriors • Vaisyas • Farmers, merchants • Sudras • Peasants, laborers • Untouchables • Preparing and sharing of food reveals how castes are ranked. • Food cooked in oil and prepared by a Brahmin can be accepted and eaten by any caste below it. • Food cooked in water can generally be accepted by one’s own caste members or inferior castes. • Leftover, uneaten food almost always is taken only by the very low castes. • Food that can be eaten raw is the most freely distributed and can be accepted by any caste from any caste. • In addition, prasad, blessed food that is left over from religious offerings, is given to anyone regardless of caste. • There is also a range of pure and impure foods. • Vegetables and grains are purer than meat and eggs. • Fish is the purest of the non-vegetarian foods, followed by chicken, goats, pork, and water buffalo; • the most impure is beef. • Sweet pastries, fried in deep fat, are among the most widely acceptable foods from any caste. • By observing how food is prepared and with whom it is shared, one can begin to determine the ranking on a purity-pollution scale of the caste groups involved.

  12. Reincarnation • The four goals in Hindu thought • duty (dharma) • pleasure (kama) • wealth and power (artha) • release from samsara (moksha) or liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth and all of the suffering and limitation of worldly existence • God is in 3 parts: Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva

  13. Pakistan and Bangladesh • Indus Valley civilization • Very advanced in2500 BCE • Partition • British split country along religious lines • Forced migrations of thousands • Left lasting enmity and violence

  14. Government • Pakistan • Elected military ruler Gen. Pervez Musharraf • Benazir Bhutto opposition leader, calling for elections • Bangladesh • 2 former Prime Ministers in jail for corruption

  15. Kashmir

  16. Economy • High population growth • Subsistence farming • Irrigated lands – Indus valley • Flooding in Bangladesh • Textiles, clothing • Microcredit – small ($25) loans

  17. Islamic culture, many ethnic groups

  18. Nepal and Bhutan

  19. Isolation • Mountain barrier • Landlocked • Constitutional monarchies • Limited resources • Subsistence farming • Timber and deforestation • Tourism • Tourism good/bad • Brings income • Leaves environmental problems • Trash • Pollution • Environmental degradation

  20. Image courtesy Binod Joshi/Associated PressTrash, especially from abandoned equipment like oxygen cylinders, is a huge problem at Mount Everest. Here Appa Sherpa, who has climbed Everest 11 times, looks at some cylinders collected by the Nepalese government.

  21. Culture • Many ethnic groups • Sherpas famous guides • Nepalese mainly Hindu • Bhutanese mainly Buddhist

  22. Islands • Sri Lanka • Sinhalese 500 BCE • Buddhists • 74% of population • Tamils 300 BCE • Dravidian Hindus driven south by Aryan invaders • 18% of population • Intense fighting over resources between groups • Tamils defeated, 2009 • Maldives • 500 BCE settled by various groups from India • Arab traders brought Islam • Muslim sultans ruled • 1968 became republic • Only 300,000 people

  23. Economy • Sri Lanka • Agriculture, including tea and rice • Large plantations • Maldives • No arable land • Tourism • Fishing • Challenges • Global warming

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