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Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Learn about the diverse functions and structures of key biological molecules: carbohydrates for energy, lipids for storage, proteins for cellular functions, and nucleic acids for genetic information.

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Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

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  1. 2.5 Carbohydrates

  2. 2.5 Carbohydrates • Some Functions: • Quick fuel • Short-term energy storage • Structure of organisms • Cell to cell recognition

  3. 2.5 Carbohydrates • Simple Carbohydrates

  4. 2.5 Carbohydrates • Simple Carbohydrates • Monosaccharides are sugars with 3 - 7 carbon atoms

  5. 2.5 Carbohydrates • Simple Carbohydrates • Monosaccharides are sugars with 3 - 7 carbon atoms • Pentose refers to a 5-carbon sugar • Hexose refers to a 6-carbon sugar

  6. 2.5 Carbohydrates Three ways to represent the structure of glucose.

  7. 2.5 Carbohydrates • Disaccharides contain two monosaccharides.

  8. 2.5 Carbohydrates • Polysaccharidesare long polymers that contain many glucose subunits.

  9. 2.5 Carbohydrates • Polysaccharidesare long polymers that contain many glucose subunits. • Starchis the storage form of glucose in plants.

  10. 2.5 Carbohydrates • Polysaccharidesare long polymers that contain many glucose subunits. • Starch is the storage form of glucose in plants. • Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals.

  11. 2.5 Carbohydrates • Polysaccharidesare long polymers that contain many glucose subunits. • Starchis the storage form of glucose in plants. • Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals. • Cellulose can be found in the cell walls of plants.

  12. 2.5 Carbohydrates

  13. 2.6 Lipids

  14. 2.6 Lipids • Some Functions: • Energy Storage • Found in the plasma membrane • Component of steroid hormones Lipids do not dissolve in water

  15. 2.6 Lipids • Some Functions: • Energy Storage • Found in the plasma membrane • Component of steroid hormones Lipids do not dissolve in water Lipids are electrically neutral

  16. 2.6 Lipids • Fats and Oils

  17. 2.6 Lipids • Fats and Oils • Fats • Usually of animal origin • Solid at room temperature

  18. 2.6 Lipids • Fats and Oils • Fats • Usually of animal origin • Solid at room temperature

  19. 2.6 Lipids • Fats and Oils • Fats • Usually of animal origin • Solid at room temperature • Oils • Usually of plant origin • Liquid at room temperature

  20. 2.6 Lipids • Functions of Fats

  21. 2.6 Lipids • Functions of Fats • Long-term energy storage • Insulation against heat loss • Protection of major organs

  22. 2.6 Lipids Synthesis and degradation of a fat molecule

  23. 2.6 Lipids Emulsification

  24. 2.6 Lipids • Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids

  25. 2.6 Lipids • Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids • Fatty acids are hydrocarbon chains that end with -COOH.

  26. 2.6 Lipids • Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids • Fatty acids are hydrocarbon chains that end with -COOH. • Saturated fatty acids: No double covalent bonds between carbon atoms • Unsaturated fatty acids: Double bonds between carbon atoms

  27. 2.6 Lipids Saturated Fatty Acid Unsaturated Fatty Acid

  28. 2.6 Lipids • Phospholipids

  29. 2.6 Lipids • Phospholipids • Comprised of 2 fatty acids + a phosphate group • Primary components of cellular membranes

  30. 2.6 Lipids

  31. 2.6 Lipids • Steroids

  32. 2.6 Lipids • Steroids • All steroids have four adjacent rings.

  33. 2.6 Lipids • Steroids • All steroids have four adjacent rings. • Examples: • Cholesterol • Testosterone • Estrogen

  34. 2.6 Lipids

  35. 2.7 Proteins • Proteins have important functions in cells. • Proteins such as keratin and collagen have structural roles. • Proteins are also enzymes that speed up the chemical reactions of metabolism. • Proteins such as hemoglobin are responsible for the transport of substances within the body. • Proteins also transport substances across cell membranes.

  36. 2.7 Proteins • Proteins have important functions in cells. • Proteins form the antibodies of the immune system that defend the body from disease. • Proteins such as insulin are hormones that regulate cellular function. • Contractile proteins such as actin and myosin allow parts of cells to move and muscles to contract.

  37. 2.7 Proteins • Proteins are comprised of amino acids.

  38. 2.7 Proteins • Amino acids • Amino group (-NH2) • Acidic group (-COOH) • R group (remainder)

  39. 2.7 Proteins

  40. 2.7 Proteins • Peptides • A polypeptide is a single chain of amino acids. • A peptide bond joins two amino acids.

  41. 2.7 Proteins

  42. 2.7 Proteins • Levels of Protein Organization • The structure of a protein has three or four levels of organization. • The final shape of a protein is very important to its function.

  43. 2.7 Proteins

  44. 2.7 Proteins

  45. 2.7 Proteins

  46. 2.8 Nucleic Acids • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

  47. 2.8 Nucleic Acids • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) • RNA (ribonucleic acid)

  48. 2.8 Nucleic Acids • DNA stores genetic information. • DNA codes for the order of amino acids in a protein. • RNA is an intermediary in the sequencing of amino acids into a protein.

  49. 2.8 Nucleic Acids • Components of a nucleotide • Phosphate • Pentose sugar • Nitrogen-containing base

  50. 2.8 Nucleic Acids DNA Structure

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