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The Ferment of Reform and Culture

The Ferment of Reform and Culture. 1790-1860. Religion in America. Most Americans attended church on a regular basis, but the fervor of the colonial era had waned. 1794 -- Thomas Paine publishes The Age of Reason attacking the institution of the church.

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The Ferment of Reform and Culture

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  1. The Ferment of Reform and Culture 1790-1860

  2. Religion in America • Most Americans attended church on a regular basis, but the fervor of the colonial era had waned.

  3. 1794 -- Thomas Paine publishes The Age of Reason attacking the institution of the church.

  4. Many people became believers in Deism -- Franklin and Jefferson. • Deists relied on reason over faith.

  5. Unitarianism • Belief in God as one person -- not the trinity. • Stressed the essential goodness of human beings.

  6. Embraced by intellectuals such as Ralph Waldo Emerson

  7. The Second Great Awakening • 1800 - Second Great Awakening begins as a backlash against the liberalism of the Age of Reason.

  8. Led to an era of evangelism and reform.

  9. Methodists and Baptists led camp meetings and sent missionaries to the Indians and overseas.

  10. 1830’s • Peter Cartwright - Methodist “circuit rider” preacher.

  11. Charles Grandison Finney conducts revivals in eastern cities.

  12. The Burned-Over District • 1830’s -- William Miller led the Adventists (Millerites) to believe the second coming was to happen on Oct. 22, 1844.

  13. Southern and northern branches of the Methodist and Baptist churches broke apart over the issue of slavery.

  14. 1830 • Joseph Smith founds Mormon church - claims to have been given golden plates by the Angel Moroni.

  15. The plates constituted the Book of Mormon and gave rise to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.

  16. Mormons follow Smith west to Ohio, Missouri and finally Illinois.

  17. Locals persecuted the Mormons for cooperativism, voting as a unit, having their own militia and practicing polygamy.

  18. 1844 -- Joseph Smith and his brother were killed by a mob in Carthage, Ill.

  19. 1846-47 -- Brigham Young led the Mormons to Salt Lake, Utah. 5000 had settled by 1848.

  20. 1850 -- Young becomes territorial governor • 1859 -- “Mormon War” -- Federal troops force Mormons to submit to Federal authority.

  21. Education • Free tax-supported education slowly gained support at all levels of society. • The Little Red Schoolhouse and the “3 R’s”

  22. Winslow Homer

  23. Horace Mann • led the crusade for better teachers, better schools and longer school years.

  24. Helped create “normal schools” -- teaching colleges to train teachers.

  25. Noah Webster • “the Schoolmaster of the Republic,” he improved textbooks and standardized an American dictionary.

  26. William H. McGuffey • created the grade school readers McGuffey’s Readers which taught grammar and moralism, patriotism and idealism.

  27. Higher Education • The Second Great Awakening led to the creation of many small, denominational liberal-arts colleges. • Federal land grant colleges.

  28. The University of Virginia • founded and designed by Thomas Jefferson - founded as a non-religious institution dedicated to science and modern language.

  29. Women’s education • education for women was considered frivolous. • Emma Willard established the Troy Female Seminary in 1821.

  30. Oberlin College -- admitted women in 1837 after already having admitted Blacks.

  31. Mary Lyon established Mount Holyoke Seminary in Mass.

  32. The Lyceums • Travelling lecturers made the circuit giving talks on science, literature and philosophy. • Ralph Waldo Emerson

  33. Magazines • The North American Review founded in 1815

  34. Godey’s Lady’s Book founded in 1830

  35. An Age of Reform • Reform movements included: • women’s rights, communal living,

  36. Medical programs, polygamy, “free marriages”, celibacy.

  37. Anti- tobacco, anti-alcohol, and mail on Sundays.

  38. Women were very involved in abolitionism, women’s suffrage and other reforms.

  39. Prison Reform • The laboring class voted for an end to debtors prisons.

  40. The number of capital crimes was reduced and prisons were called to reform instead of just punish.

  41. Dorothea Dix • traveled 60,000 miles chronicling the abuses against the mentally ill.

  42. Dix petitioned the Massachusetts Legislature to improve conditions.

  43. The American Peace Society • Anti-war group led by William Ladd called for an end to war.

  44. Temperance Movement • Custom and a hard life led to widespread alcohol abuse.

  45. The American Temperance Society was formed in 1826.

  46. T.S. Arthur wrote the novel Ten Nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There.

  47. Neal S. Dow sponsored the Maine Law of 1851 which prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol.

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