Welcome to study English: starting with Words

1. Welcome to study English: starting with Words • Every language starts with a word. • The word can be a noun. It then goes through a derivationor inflection process . The word is then modified into verbs , adjectives and adverbs. • The modification is obtained by adding the base word with extra words. The addition can be at the end or the at the beginning of the word.. • Adding a word at the beginning of a word is called prefix ( affix ) and making additional to the end known as suffix. Theses processes that words go through to change meaning are called Morphemes. • As we mentioned above , the words now form morphemes and the morphemes are then turned into nouns, adjectives and adverbs. The science of studying langauage in this way is called Morphology • Let us now take the FORM. We then add prefix, and turn it into a verb. Adding + in ( a prefix ) • The word becomes inform. Inform is a verb. Inform is to tell , let someone know, bring it to update, or report to . We see now the word has friends who tell us the same things about the word inform. This process is called Synonym. • Let us now add suffixes to inform. We have inform+ al= Informal , like informal meeting. We can have a synonym of : casual or unofficial meeting • We can again add + ed at the end to the verb Inform as INFROMED Ex the police are informed about the crime. we can have a learned scholar /person informed, meaningeducated as oppose to an ignorant person. We can further add another prefix to informed it then becomes uninformed which is uneducated .

2. Let us continue Studying English In+form+ation. +ally, +ality + ative + ant Please visit our Web site for a further information and formality Form+ally, adding ally with the existing word to form an adverb The rescue team formally called off the search for the missing bodies from a boat capsized in the Indian Ocean. Informative , something that is revealing , useful Informant, an spy ( The police had an informant in the gang. Summary: We took Form and turned into Inform (Verb), Informed (verb) Informal (adjective) Information (Noun) informality (noun) formally (adverb) informative (adjective)

3. Continue Word formation Application. • 1st example , “we have received seven applications for the accounting position”. Let us chop it into pieces and apply prefixes and suffixes. • We have apply as a verb. “Seven people applied for the accounting vacancy/position/job”. • 2nd example, “I would like to applyfor the accounting position” [ vacancy as a Synonym] advertised in the Guardian Newspaper on the 22nd December 2009. • 3rd example, “I have recently appliedfor an accounting position in your company” . We can further say, we have seven applicants [ candidates as a Synonym]) for the accounting position. Summary . • we had :application , added a suffix of ly and ed and turned it into verbs present and past tenses respectively. we further added nts found an adjective for it. Lastly, we had two Synonymies as vacancy as a job and candidates as applicants

4. Welcome back to Studying English • Continue with Morphology or morphemes. • I have centre and I would to create new bases. • Central [adjective ] , centralise [verb], centralised [verb , past tense] , centralisation [noun] • Centralised administration. Centralised policy. • Centralised education as oppose to decentralised education • These formation of words fall into three parts : • Lexical words, function words and inserts. • The lexical words tell us about the meaning of the word in a sentence. The lexical split into :nouns , lexical verbs, adjectives and adverbs • . Unfaithfulness. Un+ faith+ ful+ness.

5. Welcome to study English part five • The lexical verb is the main player of a sentence. The part that conveys the real action. The action can be in the past , present or future. • 1st example : ‘I was organising (a lexical verb) a dinner part y last week’ [ or Saturday evening and etc]. The verb organising is the main player of the sentence and conveys my message to whom I am speaking to , i.e. my action which happened in the past [ last week]. The verb “was” is just a helper. When a help verb is used this way , it is called auxiliary verb. Its job is to supplement the main verb. • 2nd example: “last summer, we were (aux- verb ) in Dubai, the whether was hot (aux-verb )and our cat stayed/rested [lexical verbs] in the shadow of a palm tree for 2 hours”. Unfaithfulness. Un+ faith+ ful+ness.

6. Welcome to Study English part six • 1st example: • The lexical words can be : nouns, verbs[ we saw how to recognise them in part five] adjectives and adverbs. let me explain how they are grouped before they are divided into nouns , verbs, adjectives and adverbs. They form two groups or classes • 1-open classes- these classes are flexible to changes. They can be prefixed and suffixed to have new meaning. For example, unfaithfulness. • The word unfaithfulness consists of many parts –meaning it has gone through a derivation/inflection or changes. Or can be just a noun phrase without complex structures • certificate of course completion . Or unemployment figure shocking • 2nd example: • The functions words are called closed classes. • They are theprepositions [on, in, of , with and etc] coordinators [and , but and or, auxiliary verbs ( we had one example , hot summer in Dubai /organising a party sentences)and pronouns[ there eight types of pronouns [ ex personal pronoun] • I will explain each of them in the coming videos. • The inserts , used in conversations /dialogues . They express emotions, excitement or surprises. They are : oaky m8, see you tomorrow, Yeah man, good luck , ta, cheers, well, I ain’t gonna do that.

7. Welcome to study English part seven • Closed or open class that is the question. • The open class- [lexical words ]can have new membership [i.e. can be extended by the speaker of a language ] they can have offspring! –hence new words can be created from them. They are variable/modifiable. • Closed [functions and inserts ] ones cannot be changed. They do not have families [single!] • Example of open classes are : • Interviewee [interview] employee[ employ] payee [to pay] • Committee, darkish, greyish, franchise , centralise [central ] and stabilise [stable].

8. Welcome to study English part seven • When to use lexical words, function words, and inserts words? • Newspapers writers use lexical words to convey their messages to the targeted audiences. But they use very few functions and inserts i.e. used in quotations • Academic and fictions use both lexical and function words but in a • However, conversation is full of functions and insert words.

9. Inserts in conversation • Inserts are lubricants of spoken English. They add a beautiful colour to the conversation and keep the momentum discourse between the speakers. They provide a waiting/thinking state of what is coming next , and allow the speaker to grab the attention of the listeners. • According to SGSWE, on page 449, there are classes of INSERTS. • “interjections [oh], greetings/farewells [Hi], discourse markers [well], attention –getters [hey], response –getters [okay], response forms [right], polite formulas [thank you], and expletive [ damn]”. • Also , it is common to have other words with INSERST. Example, ‘Oh, sorry’ , ‘oh thanks’, Okay, thanks , Okay , thanks [negative ]