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Fundamentals of Thermodynamics: Understanding Ideal Gas Systems and Cyclic Processes

Explore thermodynamics basics focusing on ideal gas systems, cyclic processes, and efficiency calculations. Learn about work, heat, and the first law of thermodynamics. Study examples and the Carnot cycle for practical applications.

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Fundamentals of Thermodynamics: Understanding Ideal Gas Systems and Cyclic Processes

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  1. PHY 341/641 • Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics • Lecture 3 • Introduction to thermodynamics (Chapter 2) • Definition of “the system” • Thermodynamic variables (T, P, V, N, …) • First law of thermodynamics -- the sign of work • Some examples for ideal gas systems • Some cyclic processes • Efficiency of process PHY 341/641 Spring 2012 -- Lecture 3

  2. Macroscopic viewpoint – thermodynamics (start reading Chapter 2) System of study Controlling medium PHY 341/641 Spring 2012 -- Lecture 3

  3. Thermodynamic process -- WORK various sign conventions !!!#$#!!! PHY 341/641 Spring 2012 -- Lecture 3

  4. Work sign conventions in various text books: Work done BY the system Work done ON the system PHY 341/641 Spring 2012 -- Lecture 3

  5. First law of thermodynamics System of study Q W Controlling medium PHY 341/641 Spring 2012 -- Lecture 3

  6. Examples of heat and work performed by ideal gas PHY 341/641 Spring 2012 -- Lecture 3

  7. Various ideal gas processes (assuming N constant) PHY 341/641 Spring 2012 -- Lecture 3

  8. Some details of the adiabatic case: Q = 0 PHY 341/641 Spring 2012 -- Lecture 3

  9. Ideal gas expansions DT = 0 DQ = 0 PHY 341/641 Spring 2012 -- Lecture 3

  10. Work performed during a cyclic process: PHY 341/641 Spring 2012 -- Lecture 3

  11. Efficiency of cyclic processes: The notions of work and heat can be used for practical devices Example: Internal combustion engine Otto cycle: http://www.howstuffworks.com/engine1.htm General measure of process efficiency (assuming no frictional losses; “completely reversible processes”): PHY 341/641 Spring 2012 -- Lecture 3

  12. PHY 341/641 Spring 2012 -- Lecture 3

  13. Analysis of an ideal heat engine Nicholas Carnot (French Engineer) 1834 isothermal adiabatic adiabatic isothermal PHY 341/641 Spring 2012 -- Lecture 3

  14. Analysis of Carnot cycle for ideal gas system PHY 341/641 Spring 2012 -- Lecture 3

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