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Social Reform. Section One. Religion Reform. Early Reformers. Early reformers wanted to extend the rights and liberties to ALL Americans – not just white men. Utopia. Government, religion, education, and literature were all targets of the reformers who wanted to create utopias in America.
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Social Reform Section One
Early Reformers Early reformers wanted to extend the rights and liberties to ALL Americans – not just white men.
Utopia Government, religion, education, and literature were all targets of the reformers who wanted to create utopias in America.
Second Great Awakening The Second Great Awakening spread throughout America with people coming to revivals to hear preachers like Charles Finney talk about how to change their own lives and the world.
Temperance Movement The Temperance Movement was also founded at this time (1826) by the American Society for the Promotion of Temperance by Lyman Beecher to stop the sell of alcohol because it led to crime, insanity and the breakup of the family.
Temperance Movement Lyman Beecher
Public Education In the 1800’s, only New England offered free education while other areas had to pay for their education or had to pay for their education or had no schools at all. Horace Mann is recognized as the most important educational reformer. He lengthened the school year, improved curriculum, doubled teacher salaries, and advocated for better training.
Normal School In 1839, Massachusetts established the first “normal school” to train teachers.
Public School By the 1850’s, most states believed that schools should be free and supported by taxes, teachers should be trained, and children should be required to go to school. However, most were poorly funded and many opposed compulsory education.
Girls & Education Most girls were not able to attend school. Their role was to be a wife and mother – no education needed. In the West, most did not attend school to the wide open spaces and the fact that they had to work on the farms.
Colleges & Universities Colleges and universities were opened in the U.S., usually only to men and many were religious in nature such as Amherst and Holy Cross.
Mary Lyon Mount Holyoke Women and African Americans were admitted to Oberlin College. Mary Lyon opened Mount Holyoke as the first women’s college. The Ashmun Institute was the first African American college. Oberlin College
Hartford School for the Deaf Rev. Thomas Gallaudet The Hartford School for the Deaf opened in 1817 by Thomas Gallaudet.
Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe opened the Perkins Institute for the blind.
Dorothea Dix Dorthea Dix championed the rights of the mentally ill in prisons, as well as the rights of prisoners.
Transcendentalists In the 1820’s, Americans began to look at their own culture for inspiration. Transcendentalists stressed the relationship of people and nature with authors like Margaret Fuller, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Harriet Beecher Stowe leading the way.
Margaret Fuller • Stressed the rights of women in American society
Ralph Waldo Emerson • Stressed that people should follow their “inner conscience” and do what they think is right no matter what others think
Henry David Thoreau • Stressed the importance of civil disobedience if you disagree with something strong enough.
Harriett Beecher Stowe • Stressed the injustices and cruelty of slavery in the American South, writing “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” (one of the most important books in American History)
