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Organic Compounds and Carbon Chemistry

Learn about organic compounds and carbon's bonding behavior, functional groups, large carbon molecules, and types of reactions in carbon chemistry. Explore carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and their importance in living organisms.

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Organic Compounds and Carbon Chemistry

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  1. 3.2: Carbon Compounds • All of the many compounds can be classified in TWO broad categories: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS. • ORGANIC CHEMISTRY = • The Chemistry of Carbon = • Chemistry of Life

  2. ORGANIC • Made up of mostly what element? • CARBON • -C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C

  3. II. Carbon’s Bonding Behavior A. Outer shell of carbon has ____ electrons; but can hold ____ B. Each carbon atom can form __________ bonds with up to _________ atoms 4 8 covalent four

  4. 4 covalent bonds C

  5. rings C. Carbon atoms can form _______________ or ______________ • D. Carbon atoms covalently bonded form the ________________ of organic compounds • E. ______________ can project from the carbon backbone chains backbone Functional groups

  6. bond with itself F. Carbon’s tendency to _______________ results in an enormous variety of ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Carbon can share two or even three pair of electrons with another atom     a) SINGLE BOND - A bond formed when two atoms share ONE pair of electrons.     b) DOUBLE BOND - Atoms share TWO pairs of electrons.     c) TRIPLE BOND - Atoms Sharing THREE pairs of electrons.

  7. Covalent Bonds – single, double, triple

  8. C C

  9. III. Functional Groups A. Atoms or clusters of atoms that are covalently bonded to a _____________________________ B. Gives organic compounds their different properties ex: HYDROXYL GROUP-OH attached makes an ALCOHOL carbon backbone

  10. Examples of Functional Groups Hydroxyl group - OH Amino group - NH3+ Carboxyl group - COOH Phosphate group - PO3- Methyl group - CH3

  11. R – Is a repeating unit

  12. MONOMERS IV. LARGE CARBON MOLECULES • Large Carbon Compounds are built up from smaller simpler molecules called _______________ (building blocks) (MONO = ONE) B. Monomers can bind to one another to form complex molecules known as _________________ (POLY = MANY) C. A Polymer consist of repeated, linked units, forming large polymers called ______________________ (MACRO = LARGE) POLYMERS MACROMOLECULES

  13. V. Types of Reactions 1. Condensation-Dehydration Synthesis 2. Hydrolysis

  14. 1) Condensation Reactions (Dehydration Synthesis) a) Monomers link to form ______________  b) Monomers are CONDENSED and water (H2O) is squeezed out (DEHYDRATE) -H2O is a by-product of the reaction c) Enzymes remove from one molecule, from another  bond formed between two molecules polymers -OH H

  15. CONDENSATION (dehydration synthesis) enzyme action at functional groups Visualize! Fig. 3.4a, p. 37

  16. BREAKDOWN 2) Hydrolysis a) The _________________ of complex molecules, such as polymers b) SPLITTING of a WATER molecule to ADD -OH group and an H  bonds break that hold polymers together

  17. HYDROLYSIS enzyme action at functional groups Visualize! Fig. 3.4b, p. 37

  18. 3.3 MOLECULES OF LIFE Four organic compounds: • Carbohydrates • Proteins • Lipids • Nucleic Acids Plants: mostly carbs Animal: mostly protein

  19. What is the difference between structural formula and molecular formula? • Molecular Formula: H2O • The way it is written • Structural Formula: H – O – H • The way it looks (arrangement)

  20. Human Body Oxygen 65% Carbon 18% Hydrogen 10% Nitrogen 3% Calcium 2% Phosphorus 1.1% Sulfur 0.25% Sodium 0.15% Chlorine 0.15% Magnesium 0.05 Iron 0.004% CHON!

  21. 1. Carbohydrates: sugars and starches contain C, H, and O in the ratio of CH2O -carbo (C) hydrate (H2O) a) monomers of sugars (simple sugars) - Monosaccharides

  22. 1)eg: Glucose (manufactured by plants) Fructose (found in fruits) 2) ____________: has the same molecular formula but a different structural formula 3) Used for _______________________ ISOMER quick energy

  23. Isomers: same molecular formula, but different structural formula glucose fructose galactose

  24. b) Disaccharides – double sugar C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 = C12H22O11 + H2O What type of reaction?? dehydration synthesis – combining of 2 monomers (monosaccharides) by squeezing out a H20 1) EXAMPLES: sucrose (glucose + fructose = table sugar) maltose (2 glucose) 2) bond between two monosaccharides is called a ___________________ bond 3) a disaccharide contains __________energy than the two units it is composed of (bc of bond) glycosidic more

  25. Disaccharides • Made up of? • Two monosaccharides • What type of bond? • Covalent • “Glycosidic” • What type of reaction? • condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis) glucose fructose + H2O sucrose

  26. Other sugars: MONOSACCHARIDES OR DISACCHARIDES?

  27. Polysaccharides c) _________________ – 3 or more monosaccharides complex carbohydrates, starches, cellulose, chitin 1) most abundant of carbohydrates 2) thousands of _____________ units bonded together by dehydration synthesis = type of: ____________________________ 3) energy storage molecules plants = starch animals = “animal starch” glucose macromolecule glycogen

  28. structural also important as _____________ components of organisms: eg. -cellulose = 50% of carbon in plants -chitin = exoskeleton of insects

  29. Glycogen • Sugar storage form in _____________ • Large storage in _______ and _______ cells • When blood sugar decreases, liver cells _____________ glycogen, releasing _____________ animals muscle liver breakdown glucose

  30. cells store energy as polysaccharides rather than glucose units because the _________________________________ (warehouse of simple sugars) larger molecules will not “leak” out of cells

  31. Cellulose and Starch plant cell wall plant energy storage

  32. (celery strings)

  33. Cellulose & Starch • Differ in bonding patterns between monomers • Cellulose - tough, indigestible, structural material in plants (corn covering ) • Starch - easily digested, storage form in plants (potato insides)

  34. 2 Examples of MONOSACCHARIDE • GLUCOSE • FRUCTOSE

  35. Example of DISACCHARIDE • SUCROSE (Glucose + Fructose)

  36. STARCH GLYCOGEN CELLULOSE CHITIN (on insects) 4 examples of POLYSACCHARIDESstores energy: makes up stuff: plants animals

  37. 2. Lipids A) Composed of C, H, and O b) Ratio of C to H to O higher than in carbohydrates c) Defined based on their solubility: 1) they are insoluble in ___________ 2) they are soluble in ____________ • Primary function – to store large amounts of energy (twice as much energy as carbs and proteins water soap

  38. e) Secondary functions of lipids: • structural components eg. phospholipids- major building block in cell membranes 2. "messengers" (hormones) that play roles in communications within and between cells • (can’t dissolve in blood plasma  protects message) 3. insulation and padding

  39. Monomers of Lipids are: 3 fatty acids covalently bonded to a 3-carbon “backbone”- The fatty acids are composed of CH2 units fatty acids glycerol

  40. Fatty Acidsbuilding blocks of:(fats, waxes, phospholipids, but not sterols) 1) Carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end Methyl (CH3 )group at the other end 2) Carbon (CH2) backbone (up to 36 C atoms)

  41. Single solid • Saturated - __________ bonds between carbons _________ at room temperature 5) Unsaturated – One ________ bond ________ at room temperature • Polyunsaturated – more than one __________ bond _________ at room temp. double liquid double liquid

  42. stearic acid oleic acid linolenic acid Three Fatty Acids S PU U

  43. 7) Glycerol backbone – fatty acids attach to the glycerol Dehydration synthesis removes the –H from the glycerol and -OH from the fatty acid to form a glycosidic bond.

  44. Triglyceride formed by dehydration synthesis + 3H20 glycerol three fatty acid tails triglyceride Fig. 3.8b, p. 40

  45. Unsaturated Fat

  46. Alpha end – from carboxylOmega end – from methyl# - which carbon has double bond

  47. TRANS UNSATURED FAT CIS-UNSATURATED • SATURATED FAT EASIEST TO BREAKDOWN  USUALLY ARTIFICIAL 

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