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Early Italy and the Origins of Rome, c. 900–509 B.C.E.

Early Italy and the Origins of Rome, c. 900–509 B.C.E. II. The Republic and the Roman Conquest of Italy: 509–133 B.C.E. III. The Late Republic: 133–30 B.C.E. IV. The Roman Empire and the Pax Romana : 30 B.C.E–476 C.E. V. The Growth of Early Christianity VI. The Roman Legacy.

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Early Italy and the Origins of Rome, c. 900–509 B.C.E.

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  1. Early Italy and the Origins of Rome, c. 900–509 B.C.E. II. The Republic and the Roman Conquest of Italy: 509–133 B.C.E. III. The Late Republic: 133–30 B.C.E. IV. The Roman Empire and the Pax Romana: 30 B.C.E–476 C.E. V. The Growth of Early Christianity VI. The Roman Legacy

  2. I. Early Italy and the Origins of Rome, • c. 900–509 B.C.E. • A. Geography and Early Settlers of Italy • Apennines • Latium • Indo-Europeans • in 2000–1000 B.C.E. • Iron Age • diverse • Etruscans—ninth century B.C.E. • Greek colonists—from c. 750 B.C.E. • Etruscans • city-states

  3. I. Early Italy and the Origins of Rome • B. Rome’s Origins • Legendary accounts: • Romulus and Remus, 753 B.C.E. • Aeneas, fleeing Troy • Latin settlements unite, eighth century • Forum • C. The Roman Monarchy, 753–509 B.C.E. • follows Greek pattern: • monarchy > oligarchy > democracy > dictatorship • imperium = executive power • orders: • patricians—senatorial families • plebeians—all others

  4. II. The Republic and the Roman Conquest of Italy: 509–133 B.C.E. • A. Establishment of the Republic • 509 B.C.E.—Tarquin the Proud • establishment of Republic • (res publica = commonwealth) • consuls—patricians • dictator—in times of emergencyB. Conflict of the Orders • Plebeians • fifth century—concessions • Concilium Plebis = gathering of the plebeians • tribunes—10 • sacrosanctus = sacred status • plebiscites = decrees • Twelve Tables, 450 B.C.E. • Gains • 367 B.C.E.—one consul • magistracies • 287 B.C.E.—Concilium Plebis part of Republic

  5. II. The Republic and the Roman Conquest of Italy: 509–133 B.C.E. • C. The Conquest of Italy • 509 B.C.E.—Latin League against the Etruscans • 390 B.C.E.—invasion of Gauls (Celts) • 338 B.C.E.—Latin League dissolved • 270 B.C.E.—last of Greek city-states under Rome • D. Treatment of Conquered Peoples Legions • Colonies

  6. G. Roman Intervention in the East • Macedon—Philip V • allies with Hannibal • 200 B.C.E.—Rome attacks • > 197 B.C.E. Philip defeated • Seleucids • encouraged by Hannibal • 168 B.C.E.—invasion of Egypt • halted by Rome • Greece • 146 B.C.E.—control • 133 B.C.E.—Pergamum • first Asian province • Third Punic War • Romans attack Carthage, 149 B.C.E. • H. Roman Society in the Early Republic • pater familias = family father • ultimate authority • Religion • numina = spirits • Jupiter • Mars • Janus • II. The Republic and the Roman Conquest of Italy: 509–133 B.C.E. • E. The First Punic War • Carthage • from Phoenician colony • dominant in Western Mediterranean • powerful navy • First Punic War, 264–241 B.C.E. • Romans develop corvus (crow) • turning naval warfare into land fighting • 241 B.C.E.—peace • F. The War with Hannibal • Second Punic War • Hannibal attacks Saguntum • 218 B.C.E.—Hannibal into Italy • 216 B.C.E.—Cannae • Carthaginian victory • 201 B.C.E.—Zama • Scipio defeats Carthaginians

  7. III. The Late Republic: 133–30 B.C.E. • A. Effects of Roman Expansion • changes: • fewer small landowners • > proletariat = unemployed • greater estates • = latifundia • government land to wealthy • oligarchy of senators • B. Reform Movement of the Gracchi • Tiberius Gracchus • Tribune, 133 B.C.E. • proposes reforms: • limit of 320 acres • some public lands seized • pushed through • > murdered • Gaius Gracchus • Tribune, 123 B.C.E. • proposes further reforms: • distribution of wheat • commits suicide, 121 B.C.E. • C. The First Civil War: Marius v. Sulla • Gaius Marius, consul 107 B.C.E. • military reform • King of Pontus declares war • Senate sends Cornelius Sulla • Tribal Assembly sends Marius • Sulla • appointed dictator indefinitely • victorious, 82 B.C.E.

  8. III. The Late Republic: 133–30 B.C.E. • D. The Second Civil War: Pompey against Caesar • Pompey (106–48 B.C.E.) • Consul, 70 B.C.E. • Marcus Crassus • senator • given command, 71 B.C.E. • slave rebellion under Spartacus • Gaius Julius Caesar (100–44 B.C.E.) • > First Triumvirate • 59 B.C.E., Caesar elected consul • by 45 B.C.E., Caesar rules alone • 44 B.C.E., assassinated • E. The Third Civil War: Antony versus Octavian • Octavian (63 B.C.E.–14 C.E.) • grandnephew of Caesar • defeats opponents • Antony—eastern half of empire • Actium—defeated by Octavian

  9. IV. The Roman Empire and the Pax Romana: 30 B.C.E.–476 C.E. • A. Reconstruction under Augustus • 27 B.C.E.—“Restoration of the Republic” • Augustus, princeps (first citizen)

  10. IV. The Roman Empire and the Pax Romana: 30 B.C.E.–476 C.E. • B. Julio-Claudian and Flavian Emperors (14–68 C.E.) • Julio-Claudians • Tiberius • Claudius • Caligula • Nero • Flavians • Vespasian • Titus • Domitian

  11. IV. The Roman Empire and the Pax Romana • C. The Antonines: “Five Good Emperors” • (96–180 C.E.) • Hadrian (117–138 C.E.) • Marcus Aurelius (161–180 C.E.) • Meditations

  12. IV. The Roman Empire and the Pax Romana • D. The Pax Romana • E. Early Evidence of Economic Stagnation • F. Roman Society During the Empire • collegia = guilds • social role • mystery religions

  13. V. The Growth of Early Christianity • A. The Jewish Background • 538 B.C.E.—return from Babylonia • 63 B.C.E.—Pompey • Judea > Province of Syria • Herod the Great (37–4 B.C.E.) • appointed king by Mark Anthony • B. Life and Teaching of Jesus • Preaching • 12 apostles • Pharisees • opposing sect • crucifixion, c. 30 C.E.

  14. V. The Growth of Early Christianity • C. Spread of Christianity • Saint Paul • from Tarsus, Asia Minor • Pharisee • D. Reasons for the Spread of Christianity • Mystery religions • Cybele, Isis, Dionysus, Mithras • Mary Magdalene • Gnostic Gospels • E. Persecution of the Christians • Diocletian, 303–311 C.E. • > martyrs

  15. F. Church Organization • 1. Church Organization • presbyters = elders • bishops = overseers • diocese = bishop’s territory • inherited from Roman administration • pope —becomes pre-eminent • Leo I (440–61) • 2. Doctrine and Worship • Trinity • Father, Son, Holy Spirit • Arianism • Father and Son not equal, not coeval • > Constantine calls Council of Nicaea, 325 • Arianism a heresy • Christ coeternal with Father • Arianism continues to spread • Jerome (340–420) • St. Ambrose (340–397) • subjects Theodosius I • St. Augustine (354–430) • Confessions • 3. Monastic Life • regula = rule • monasticism • pre-dated Christianity • St. Basil (c. 330–379) • Asia Minor • rule • St. Benedict (c. 480–543) • rule: vows of poverty, chastity, obedience • 4. Official Recognition and Acceptance • 311—Galerius, Edict of Toleration • 313—Edict of Milan, freedom of worship • Julian the Apostate (361–363) • Theodosius I (379–395) • Christianity official

  16. V. The Growth of Early Christianity • G. Crisis of the Third Century • Commodus (180–192 C.E.) • low point • Severan dynasty (193–235) • 235–385—Civil War • 26 emperors • latifundia grow • coloni (sharecroppers) Diocletian (285–305) • stabilization • Constantine (306–337) • moves capital to Constantinople The Empire Under Diocletian, 305

  17. V. The Growth of Early Christianity • H. The Germanic Tribes • comitatus—war band • I. Germanic Invasions • Huns • Visigoths—376, into Empire • > Valens, Adrianople, 378 • Alaric, 410—sack of Rome • settle in Spain • 406—withdrawal of Rhine troops • > massive movement • 451—Attila into Europe • dies, 453 • J. End of the Western Roman Empire, 395–476 C.E. • 476—death of Romulus Augustulus • traditional end of Rome • Theodoric • Ostrogothic king The Empire Under Diocletian, 305

  18. VI. The Roman Legacy • A. Roman Law • jus civile = law of the citizen • jurisprudentes = legal scholars • B. Roman Engineering and Architecture • roads • construction • concrete • vaulting • barrel vaults • Pantheon • basilica • rectangular • colonnades • Colosseum • C. Sculpture and Painting • portrait busts • D. Literature • Republic • Plautus (c. 254–184 B.C.E.) • Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 C.E.) • Late Republic and Empire • Catullus • lyric poetry • Lucretius • Epicurean • Vergil (70–19 B.C.E.) • Aeneid • Horace (65–8 B.C.E.) • Ovid (43 B.C.E.–17 C.E.) • Art of Love, Metamorphoses • Juvenal (c. 50 B.C.E.–127 C.E.) • satirical poetry

  19. VI. The Roman Legacy • E. The Writing of History • Livy (59 B.C.E.–17 C.E.) • History of Rome • Tacitus (55–117 C.E.) • Germania • Plutarch (c. 46–c.126 C.E.) • Parallel Lives • F. Religion and Philosophy • Epicureanism and Stoicism • Seneca (4 B.C.E.–65 C.E.) • stoic • tutor to Nero • G. Science in the Roman Empire • Pliny the Elder (23–79 C.E.) • Natural History • Ptolemy • Galen

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