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Understanding DNA and RNA: Structure, Function, and Genetic Codes

This overview explores the fundamental structures of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic Acid). DNA, with its double helix formation and unique pairing of nitrogen bases—cytosine with guanine and adenine with thymine—carries the genetic blueprint for all living organisms. In contrast, RNA features a single-stranded structure and uses uracil in place of thymine. This document discusses the importance of nucleotides, sugars, and phosphate groups in these vital molecules, and how their sequences dictate protein synthesis within cells.

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Understanding DNA and RNA: Structure, Function, and Genetic Codes

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  1. Structure of DNA & RNA

  2. DNA • Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid • Double Helix • Twisted Ladder

  3. Sides of the Ladder • Deoxyribose Sugar • Phosphate

  4. 4 Nitrogen Bases • Pyrimidines • Cytosine • Thymine • Purines • Adenine • Guanine

  5. DNA Structure • Cytosine and Guanine always pair up. • Adenine and Thymine always pair up.

  6. DNA Structure

  7. DNA • The sequence of bases in DNA is the genetic code. • Sections of DNA are coded (instructions) for the cell to build proteins.

  8. RNA • Ribose Nucleic Acid • Single backbone of Ribose sugar and Phosphate

  9. RNA Nitrogen Bases • Cytosine, Guanine & Adenine are the same. • Uracil replaces Thymine • Uracil always pairs with Adenine.

  10. References • Cuschieri, Alfred. "THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF GENETICS." Department of Anatomy University of Malta. Alfred Cuschieri, 1 Jan. 2012. Web. 1 Jan. 2012.      <http://staff.um.edu.mt/acus1/3Molgen.htm>. • "THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF GENETICS." Deartment of Anatomy University of Malta. Alfred Cuschieri, 1 Jan. 2012. Web. 1 Jan. 2012.      <http://staff.um.edu.mt/acus1/3Molgen.htm>. • Wikipedia. "DNA - Wikipedia." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., 1 Jan.      2012. Web. 1 Jan. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA>.

  11. References • DNA and Geneology Research Foundation. "DNA and Geneology Research focus of      upcoming TSLA seminar." DNA and Geneology Research Foundation. Business &      Heritage Clarksville , 1 Jan. 2012. Web. 1 Jan. 2012.      <http://businessclarksville.com/2011/05/10/      dna-and-geneology-research-focus-of-upcoming-tsla-seminar-25505/>. • News-Medical.net. "http://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-RNA.aspx." News-medical.net. AZoNetwork Websites, 1 Jan. 2012. Web. 1 Jan.      2012. <http://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-RNA.aspx>.

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