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Bovine Reproductive Anatomy & Physiology for Effective Farm Management

Learn about the structure and function of the bovine reproductive system, from the cervix to the ovaries. Discover key aspects like the role of follicles and the impact of hormones on heat signs. Ensure optimal farm practices for successful reproduction.

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Bovine Reproductive Anatomy & Physiology for Effective Farm Management

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  1. CHAPTER 2 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION

  2. Anatomy • The Structural Make-up of the Reproductive System

  3. Female Reproductive Tract Location

  4. Female Reproductive Tract Location

  5. Female Reproductive Tract

  6. Vulva

  7. Vulva Vulva

  8. Vulva • Entrance to the Reproductive tract • Below the intestinal tract entrance • Beneath the tail • Continued forward by the Vagina

  9. Vagina Vagina

  10. Vagina • 8 to 12 Inches in Length • Strong Thick-Walled • Usually a Collapse Tube • When Collapsed Folds Run Lengthwise • Normally Unobstructed • When Shortened Folds are Similar to Accordion

  11. Bovine Reproductive Tract

  12. Cervix Cervix

  13. Cervix • Most Important Part of Reproductive Tract For Insemination • Thick-walled Tube with Irregular Passageway • Valve Between Delicate Inside Organs and Tougher Outer Organs

  14. Cervix • Feels Like a Chicken Neck • Firm and Dense to Touch, Gristly Feeling • 2 to 4 1/2 Inches in Length; 3/4 to 2 Inch Diameter

  15. Cervix • 2 to 4 1/2 inches long • Longer in Brahman Derivative Cattle • Cows 3/4 to 2 inches in Diameter • Heifers 1/4 to 1/2 inches in Diameter • Size and Consistency Change With Age and Pregnancy • Late in Pregnancy Softer and Larger • Postpartum Much Larger and Very Soft

  16. Cervix Location • Usually Found at Cow’s Midline on Front Edge of Pelvic Floor (Brim) • In Aging Cows May be Well Forward of Pelvic Brim • During Pregnancy Cervix Tends to be Forward and Downward Beyond the Pelvic Brim • Cows and Heifers That are Straining Cause the Cervix to be Toward the Rear End of the Bony Pelvis

  17. Cervix Location

  18. Normal Cervix

  19. Aging or Pregnant Cow Cervix

  20. Beware of Obstacles • Blind Pouch • Front End of Vagina • 1/2 to 1 Inch Deep, Surrounds Entire Back of Cervix • Fingerlike Projections • Arranged in 3 or 4 Circular Rings • Cause Passageway to be Crooked, Contain Blind Pockets, or Dead Ends

  21. Natural Obstructions

  22. Bovine Reproductive Tract

  23. Semen Should be Deposited Into the Uterine Body The Target

  24. The Target

  25. Uterus • Womb Where Calf Develops • Single Short Body and Two Horns • Horns Vary in Length From 8 to 15 Inches, and 5/8 to 2 Inches in Diameter • Walls of Uterus are Soft and Spongy • Avoid Passing Syringe Past the Front End of Cervix • It is Easy to Poke Into or Through the Uterine Wall • Can Cause Infection or Even Fatal Peritonitis

  26. Uterus Uterus

  27. Uterine horn Uterine horn Bovine Reproductive Tract

  28. Uterus

  29. Oviducts • Also Known as Fallopian Tube • 8 to 10 Inches Long • Outside Diameter is Size of a Pencil Lead • Inside Diameter is Microscopic • Tube That Provides Route Between Ovary and Uterine Horn • Sperm and Eggs Move Through These Tubes • Fertilization Occurs Halfway Down Oviduct • Site Called Ampullary-Isthmic Junction

  30. Oviducts Oviducts

  31. Bovine Ovary

  32. Ovaries • Oval-Shaped • 1 to 2 Inches Long • Two Per Cow • Left and Right • Produce Tiny Eggs (ovulate) • Right Ovary Releases Slightly More Than 1/2 of the Eggs • Chance Determines Which Ovary Will Produce Egg at Ovulation

  33. Structures in the Ovary • Graafian Follicle • Fluid Filled Sac Where Egg Develops • Fluid is Rich in Hormones • Bring About Temporary Physical and Psychological Changes • At a Certain Time the Follicle Ruptures • Corpus Luteum (CL) • Also known as the Yellow Body • Develops at Site of Collapsed Follicle • Rapid Growing, Solid, Meaty Structure • Remains Throughout Pregnancy

  34. Ovarian Structures • Graafian Follicle • Corpus Luteum

  35. Corpus Luteum

  36. Rectum

  37. Rectum • Thin-walled Tube • 10 o 12 Inches Long and Stretchable • Manipulate Cervix Through It • Anus is Valve Between Rectum and Outside • Made up of Circular Muscle Under the Skin • Stretchable - Hand and Arm Enter Easily • Circular Contractions Move Along Rectal Wall Toward the Outside • When Strong They can Make Manipulation Difficult

  38. Physiology of Reproduction • Functions of the various parts of the reproductive system

  39. Follicle

  40. Role of the Follicle • Pituitary Gland Hormone Stimulates Egg Growth • Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (F.S.H.) • Many Follicles Recruited For Development • One Selected To Become Graafian Follicle • Follicle Grows Larger; Secretes More Estrogen • Affects the Nervous System; Causes Restlessness • Causes Cow to Stand for Mounting • Prompts Uterus Contractions • Increases Blood Flow to Genital Organs

  41. Estrogen • Circulates Throughout the Body • Production is Greatest When Follicle Reaches its Largest Size • Causes Changes in the Cow

  42. Signs of Heat • Stands for Mounting by Other Cows • Stands and Accepts Service From Bull • Vulva Swells • Mucus is Discharged • Cow is Nervous and Restless

  43. Graafian Follicle

  44. Corpus Luteum

  45. Role of the Yellow Body • Luteinizing Hormone (L.H.) • Causes Follicle to Undergo Changes to Release Egg • About 10 to 14 Hours After Heat Ends • Follicle Ruptures and Ovulation Occurs • Egg Released • Cells Inside Collapsed Follicle Grow • Forms Yellow Body or Corpus Luteum • Secretes Pregnancy Hormone - Progesterone • Prepare Uterus to Accept Fertilized Egg • Maintains Pregnancy by Preventing Heat Cycles

  46. Role of the Yellow Body • If Egg is Not Fertilized • Corpus Luteum Stops Producing Progesterone 16 Days After Heat • Reduction of Progesterone Allows New Follicle and Egg Development and New Heat at 21 Days • If Egg is Fertilized and Accepted • Developing Calf’s Presence In Uterus Causes Yellow Body to Remain Active • Alternating Dominance of Follicle/Estrogen and Yellow Body/Progesterone = Estrous Cycle

  47. Progesterone • Stops Follicle/Egg Production • Prepares Uterus for Fertilized Egg

  48. Summary of Female Reproductive Hormones

  49. Other Reproductive Activity • Sperm Waits in Oviducts • Sperm Travels from the Cervix in 2 1/2 Minutes • Sperm Requires Time in Female Reproductive System Before Capable of Fertilization • Special Chemicals in Female Tract Aid Sperm Maturity • Uterus Lining Changes • Thickens to Support and Sustain Fertilized Egg • Bloody Mucus 2 to 4 Day After Heat • Does Not Signal Pregnancy or No Pregnancy • Signals Cow Was in Heat a Couple Days Ago

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