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History of Space Exploration

History of Space Exploration. Sputnik. Who? USSR (Soviet Union/Russia) What? Satellite; looks like a “ball with whiskers” When? October 1957 Where? Orbited Earth Why? (Goal/Accomplishment) 1 st artificial satellite 1 st manmade object to orbit the Earth Simplest satellite ever

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History of Space Exploration

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  1. History of Space Exploration

  2. Sputnik • Who? USSR (Soviet Union/Russia) • What? Satellite; looks like a “ball with whiskers” • When? October 1957 • Where? Orbited Earth • Why? (Goal/Accomplishment) • 1st artificial satellite • 1st manmade object to orbit the Earth • Simplest satellite ever • Beginning of the Space Race between the US and the USSR

  3. Luna 1 • Who? USSR (Soviet Union/Russia) • What? Round with antennae; looked like Sputnik; satellite • When? January 1959 • Where? Flyby of the moon • Why? (Goal/Accomplishment) • 1st man-made satellite to orbit the moon • 1st spacecraft to leave geocentric orbit and enter heliocentric orbit • 1st observation of solar winds

  4. Luna 3 • Who? USSR (Soviet Union/Russia) • What? Space probe • When? October 1959 • Where? Far side of the moon • Why? (Goal/Accomplishment) • 1st photos of the far side of the moon

  5. Mercury space program • Who? USA • What? One-man capsule • When? 1959 - 1963 • Where? Orbit around Earth • Why? (Goal/Accomplishment) • Sent a monkey and two chimpanzees into space to learn about the effects space would have on humans • 1st human space flight • 1st American in space (suborbital) – Alan Shepard (1961) • 1st American to reach orbit – John Glenn (1962) • Mercury 6 “Friendship” flight • Mercury 7 – seven astronauts selected for program

  6. Mariner 2 • Who? USA • What? Space probe • When? August 1962 • Where? Flyby of Venus • Why? (Goal/Accomplishment) • 1st spacecraft to visit another planet • Measured atmosphere and temperature of Venus • 800+ degrees Celsius • Carbon dioxide atmosphere

  7. Mariner 4 • Who? USA • What? Space probe • When? November 1964 • Where? Flyby of Mar • Why? (Goal/Accomplishment) • 1st object to take photos of any planet from space • 1st spacecraft to visit Mars • Took photos of Mars

  8. Luna 9 • Who? USSR (Soviet Union/Russia) • What? lander; had a camera • When? February 3, 1966 • Where? Moon • Why? (Goal/Accomplishment) • 1st soft landing on the moon • 1st photos from the moon’s surface

  9. Venera 4 • Who? USSR (Soviet Union/Russia) • What? Space probe; had sensors • When? June 1967 • Where? Venus • Why? (Goal/Accomplishment) • 1st spacecraft to transmit data from within Venus’ atmosphere • Found atmosphere to be made almost entirely of carbon dioxide (remember “greenhouse effect”???)

  10. Apollo 8 • Who? USA • What? Spacecraft with command module and rocket (Saturn V) • When? December 1968 • Where? Moon • Why? (Goal/Accomplishment) • 1st manned space craft to orbit the moon • 6 day mission; orbited 10 times • 1st mission to take pictures of the Earth

  11. Apollo 11 • Who? USA • What? Spacecraft with command module, lunar module, and launch escape system • When? July 1969 • Where? Moon • Why? (Goal/Accomplishment) • 1st person to walk on the moon • Neil Armstrong, “One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind”

  12. Venera 7 • Who? USSR (Soviet Union/Russia) • What? Space probe • When? December 1970 • Where? Venus • Why? (Goal/Accomplishment) • 1st space probe to soft land on Venus • 1st man-made spacecraft to land on another planet and transmit data • Temperature and atmosphere

  13. Mariner 9 • Who? USA • What? Satellite • When? May 1971 • Where? Venus • Why? (Goal/Accomplishment) • 1st spacecraft to orbit another planet • Mapped the surface of Mars

  14. Pioneer 10 • Who? USA • What? flyby • When? March 1972 • Where? Flyby of Jupiter • Why? (Goal/Accomplishment) • 1st spacecraft to visit Jupiter • 500+ images of Jupiter • Collected data on Jupiter’s magnetic field and solar wind • 1st man-made object to go through the asteroid belt

  15. Pioneer 11 • Who? USA • What? Space probe • When? April 1973 • Where? Flyby of Jupiter and Saturn • Why? (Goal/Accomplishment) • 1st spacecraft to visit Saturn • Photos of Saturn and its rings • Took better photos of Jupiter than Pioneer 10

  16. Mariner 10 • Who? USA • What? Space probe • When? November 1973 • Where? Flyby of Mercury and Venus • Why? (Goal/Accomplishment) • 1st flybys of Mercury • Photographed more than half of Mercury’s surface • Found Mercury had extreme temperatures and magnetic field

  17. Voyager 1 • Who? USA • What? Space probe • When? September 1977 • Where? Jupiter, Saturn, and Titan (Saturn moon) • Why? (Goal/Accomplishment) • Most distant man-made object in space • Discovered volcanic activity on Io (Jupiter moon) • Flew by Titan but could not penetrate its haze

  18. Voyager 2 • Who? USA • What? Space probe • When? August 1977 • Where? Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune • Why? (Goal/Accomplishment) • Only spacecraft to visit Uranus and Neptune • Best source of information on Uranus and Neptune

  19. Hubble Space Telescope • Who? USA • What? Space telescope • When? April 1990 (carried by Discovery) • Where? Orbits around Earth • Why? (Goal/Accomplishment) • 1st space based optical telescope • Helped to determine the age of our universe • Information on “dark energy” (energy that causes the universe to expand) • Pictures showing the growth of galaxies

  20. Compton Gamma Ray Observatory • Who? USA • What? telescope • When? April 1991 (launched from shuttle Atlantis; burned up in the Earth’s atmosphere in 2000) • Where? Low orbit of Earth • Why? (Goal/Accomplishment) • One of NASA’S four “great observatories” • Explore chemical reactions in the universe that create the greatest amount of energy (gamma rays) • Discovered gamma ray bursts come from outside of the Milky Way • Discovered other galaxies and black holes

  21. Mars pathfinder • Who? USA • What? Lander/rover • When? December 1996 • Where? Mars • Why? (Goal/Accomplishment) • 1st Mars rover • Traveled on surface collecting data on rocks, weather, and atmosphere • Photographed over 16,000+ images

  22. International Space Station • Who? USA, Russia, Europe, Japan, and Canada • What? Space station; artificial habitable satellite • When? 1998 • Where? Low Earth orbit • Why? (Goal/Accomplishment) • Brings together different countries working towards one goal of learning more about space • Location for conducting experiments in space to learn how space effects life/humans and to learn more about the universe • “staging base” for future missions to the Moon and Mars

  23. Chandra X-ray observatory • Who? USA • What? Telescope with mirrors • When? July 1999 (carried by Columbia) • Where? Milky Way Galaxy • Why? (Goal/Accomplishment) • Detects x-ray releases from very hot parts of the solar system • Largest satellite launched from a shuttle • 1st images of Cassiopeia • Observed the black hole near the center of our galaxy (Milky Way)

  24. Spitzer Space Telescope • Who? USA • What? Infrared telescope • When? August 2003 • Where? Orbit around the Earth (trailing the Earth) • Why? (Goal/Accomplishment) • Most sensitive infrared observatory/telescope launched • Final mission in NASA’s “Great Observatories Program” • Detects heat radiation (aka the Sun, stars, etc) • Pictures of the cosmos, stars, other galaxies, other “planets” • 1st mission to detect light from planets outside of our solar system

  25. messenger • Who? USA • What? satellite • When? August 2004 • Where? Mercury • Why? (Goal/Accomplishment) • 1st spacecraft to orbit Mercury • 100% mapping of Mercury • Discovered water ice at Mercury’s north pole

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