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Bell Question. Define Hydrology Explain the Hydrosphere. Hydrology. Hydrology is the study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability. Hydrosphere.
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Bell Question • Define Hydrology • Explain the Hydrosphere
Hydrology Hydrology is the study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability
Hydrosphere • Water affects everything that happens in life. In Latin, "hydro" means water. • Anything that scientists describe, when it comes to water, is a part of the HYDROsphere.
Water……Water Everywhere • Water is in the air, on the land, between the rocks, and in every living thing. • Water may be at the bottom of the ocean or in the top layers of the atmosphere; it is all a part of the HYDROSPHERE.
Water storage in oceans: Saline water existing in oceans and inland seas The ocean as a storehouse of water
Salinity • The water in the oceans is saltwater (saline) • The concentration of saline is the amount (by weight) of salt in water, as expressed in "parts per million" (ppm). • Water is saline if it has a concentration of more than 1,000 ppm of dissolved salts; ocean water contains about 35,000 ppm of salt. • The salinity is approximately 3.5% on average in earth’s oceans and seas
Oceans in movement: "Rivers" in the oceans • There are currents and "rivers" in the oceans that move massive amounts of water around the world. • These movements have a great deal of influence on the water cycle. • The Gulf Stream is a well known stream of warm water in the Atlantic Ocean, moving water from the Gulf of Mexico across the Atlantic Ocean towards Great Britain. • At a speed of 60 miles per day, the Gulf stream moves 100 times as much water as all the rivers on Earth.
The Gulf Stream Coming from warm climates, the Gulf Stream moves warmer water to the North Atlantic. This diagram shows sea-surface temperatures of the North Atlantic Ocean.
Evaporation: The process by which water is changed from liquid to a gas or vapor
Evaporation • Evaporation is the primary pathway that water moves from the liquid state back into the water cycle as atmospheric water vapor. • Studies have shown that the oceans, seas, lakes, and rivers provide nearly 90 percent of the moisture in our atmosphere via evaporation, with the remaining 10 percent being contributed by plant transpiration.
Evaporation • Heat (energy) is necessary for evaporation to occur. • The process of evaporation removes heat from the environment, which is why water evaporating from your skin cools you. • This is an endothermic reaction
Sublimation: The changing of snow or ice to water vapor without melting
Sublimation • Without the addition of energy (heat) to the process, ice would not sublimate into vapor. That is where sunlight plays a large role in the natural world. • Water has a physical property called the "heat of vaporization," which is the amount of heat required to vaporize water.
Evapotranspiration:The process by which water vapor is discharged to the atmosphere as a result of evaporation from the soil and transpiration by plants
Transpiration • Transpiration is the loss of water vapor from parts of plants (similar to sweating), especially in leaves but also in stems, and flowers. • Leaf transpiration occurs through stomata • Stoma is a pore, found in the leaf and stem epidermis that is used for gaseous exchange.
Atmospheric factors affecting transpiration • The amount of water that plants transpire varies greatly geographically and over time. There are a number of factors that determine transpiration rates:
Atmospheric factors affecting transpiration • Temperature: Transpiration rates go up as the temperature goes up, especially during the growing season, when the air is warmer. 2. Relative humidity: As the relative humidity of the air surrounding the plant rises the transpiration rate falls. It is easier for water to evaporate into dryer air than into more saturated air.
Atmospheric factors affecting transpiration 3. Wind and air movement: Increased movement of the air around a plant will result in a higher transpiration rate. 4. Soil-moisture availability: When moisture is lacking, plants can begin to senesce (premature ageing, which can result in leaf loss) and transpire less water. 5. Type of plant: Plants transpire water at different rates. Some plants which grow in arid regions, such as cacti and succulents, conserve precious water by transpiring less water.
Bell Question • Define the following terms: 1. Sublimation 2. Evaporation 3. Transpiration 4. Evapotransporation • What are the five factors that affect transpiration 1.________; 2.________; 3.________ 4.________; 5.________.
Water storage in the atmosphere: All water stored in the atmosphere as vapor, such as clouds and humidity
Clouds • Clouds are, of course, the most visible manifestation of atmospheric water, but even clear air contains water—water in particles that are too small to be seen.
Condensation:The process by which water is changed from vapor to liquid • Water vapor condenses into a liquid after making contact with the surface of a cold bottle.
Condensation • Condensation is crucial to the water cycle because it is responsible for the formation of clouds.
Precipitation: The discharge of water, in liquid or solid state, out of the atmosphere, generally upon a land or water surface
Rain Droplets • For precipitation to happen, first tiny water droplets must condense on even tinier dust, salt, or smoke particles, which act as a nucleus. • If enough collisions occur to produce a droplet with a fall velocity which exceeds the cloud updraft speed, then it will fall out of the cloud as precipitation. This is not a trivial task since millions of cloud droplets are required to produce a single raindrop.
Rain • Raindrops have sizes ranging from 0.1 to 9 millimeters in diameter, above which they tend to break up. Smaller drops are called cloud droplets, and their shape is spherical.
Coalescence • Coalescence occurs when water droplets fuse to create larger water droplets, or when water droplets freeze onto an ice crystal, which is known as the Bergeronprocess. • Coalescence generally happens most often in clouds above freezing, and is also known as the warm rain process. In clouds below freezing, ice crystals gain enough mass they begin to fall.
Water storage in ice and snow: Freshwater stored in frozen form, generally in glaciers, ice-fields, and snowfields
Ice and Snow Storage Facts: • Glacial ice covers 10 - 11 percent of all land. About 90% is in Antartica. • According to the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), if all glaciers melted today the seas would rise about 230 feet (70 meters).
Snowmelt runoff to streams: The movement of water as surface runoff from snow and ice to surface water
Surface runoff: Precipitation runoff which travels over the soil surface to the nearest stream channel
Stream flow: The movement of water in a natural channel, such as a river Toe River, Plumtree, North Carolina
Infiltration: The downward movement of water from the land surface into soil or porous rock
Groundwater storage: Water existing for long periods below the Earth's surface • Large amounts of water are stored in the ground. • Most of the water in the ground comes from precipitation that infiltrates downward from the land surface.
Groundwater • Stored water as part of the water cycle Vadose Zone
Groundwater discharge: The movement of water out of the ground There's more water than just what you can see on the surface. Groundwater that travels close to the land surface and emerges very quickly as discharge into streambeds is known as groundwater discharge.
Springs:A place where a concentrated discharge of groundwater flows at the ground surface 2 Types: 1. Cold Spring 2. Thermal Spring
Cold Spring • A spring is the result of an aquifer being filled to the point that the water overflows onto the land surface.
Thermal Spring • Thermal springs occur in regions of recent volcanic activity and are fed by water heated by contact with hot rocks far below the surface.
Springs Thermal Mud Springs Thermal Springs w/Ice Yellowstone, Wyoming Pakkula, Iceland
Global water distribution: Of the world's total water supply over 97 percent is saline. And, of the total freshwater, over 68 percent is locked up in ice and glaciers. Another 30 percent of freshwater is in the ground. Fresh surface-water sources, such as rivers and lakes, only constitute about 0.0015 percent of total water. Yet, rivers and lakes are the sources of most of the water people use everyday.
