Civil Rights Movement

1. Civil Rights Movement • What three reasons was the US more open to the Civil Rights push of the 1950s-1960s? • WWII/Korean War, The Cold War, Television • Which of the methods used during the Civil Rights era would you support using? Why? • Answers Vary

2. Objective • WWBAT: Introduce the goals and beliefs of Black Power groups in the 1960s

3. Interactive Notebook Setup • 5/11/2018 • 60’s Black Power • This will be one page

4. Origins/Goals Malcom X Teachings/Actions

5. CIVIL RIGHTS “It is criminal to teach a man not to defend himself when he is the constant victim of brutal attacks…The time has come for the American Negro to fight back in self-defense whenever he is being unjustly and unlawfully attacked.” Malcolm X

6. Elijah Muhammad *Head of the Nation of Islam or Black Muslims. *Converted Malcolm X to his teachings. *Main Teaching: whites were the cause of the conditions in which blacks found themselves.

7. Malcolm X • Malcolm (Little) X, dropped his “slave name”, converted to the Nation of Islam while serving jail time in for burglary and drugs. • Became Elijah Muhammad’s most famous disciple in 1952.

8. Malcolm X • Malcolm’s teachings: Whites were to blame for the black man’s social problems. Black Separatism: Blacks should separate from white society • Quit trying to act like the white man! 3) African-Americans should have pride in their identity and culture

9. “Ballots or Bullets” • Malcolm broke from Elijah Muhammad in March 1964 because of differences in strategy and doctrine. • In April 1964 Malcolm takes a pilgrimage to Mecca and learns that orthodox Muslims believe in equality of all races. • Malcolm returns to America and radically changes his teachings: it is ok to hate racism and injustice, but it is wrong to hate the white race.

10. “Ballots or Bullets” • After returning from Mecca, Malcolm begins to preach a new slogan “Ballots or bullets.” • Meaning: “If you and I don’t use the ballot, we’re going to be forced to use the bullet. So let us try the ballot.”

11. The Black Panther Party

12. Original Members • The six original members, Nov. 1966 • Top left to right: Elbert Howard, Huey Newton, Sherman Forte, Bobby Seale • Bottom: Reggie Forte, and Little Bobby Hutton

13. Origins/Goals • Started October 1966 in Oakland, California • In October 1966, Huey Newton and Bobby Seale formed the Black Panther Party in Oakland, CA to fight police brutality in the ghetto. • The Black Panthers began to preach many of the violent ideas of the Black Muslims.

14. Origins • They believed that blacks were obliged to wage fierce survival struggles in the U.S. • Organizations such as the NAACP and UNIA were created to promote civil rights and independence for blacks. • There were also efforts by former slave Booker T. Washington to establish a separate socioeconomic scheme for blacks. • “America’s response to all such efforts was violent and repressive and unyielding.”

15. Historical Context • Some relief came in 1954 when the Supreme Court ruled, in the case of Brown v. Board of Education,that separate was not equal for blacks in America (at least with respect to public education). • Even after Brown blacks struggled to integrate and become full partisans in American society. • In 1955 numerous boycotts and sit ins were being held in Montgomery, Alabama. • These acts in favor for civil rights began to further challenge white America as a whole; no longer could they over look the growing voices of discontent.

16. Historical Content • Finally, in 1964, the U.S. Congress passed a civil rights act that outlawed racial segregation in public facilities, but it came too late. • Images of nonviolent blacks and other civil rights workers and demonstrators being beaten and water hosed by police, spat on and jailed for protesting social injustices were seen across the nation. • “…Young urban blacks rejected [the idea of] nonviolence.”

17. Origins/Goals • The party’s agenda was the revolutionary establishment of real economic, social and political equality across gender and color lines • Black Panther Theory: The practices of the late Malcolm X were deeply rooted in the theoretical foundations of the Black Panther Party. • Followed Malcolm’s belief of international working class unity across the spectrum of color and gender and united with various minority and white revolutionary groups

18. Black Panthers • Members of the Black Panthers wore black berets, sunglasses, black leather jackets, black trousers, black shirts, and shiny black shoes.

19. The Ten Point Plan • We want freedom. We want power to determine the destiny of our black and oppressed communities. • We want full employment for our people. • We want an end to the robbery by the capitalists of our black and oppressed communities. • We want decent housing, fit for the shelter of human beings. • We want decent education for our people that exposes the true nature of this decadent American society. We want education that teaches us our true history and our role in the present-day society.

20. The Ten Point Plan • We want completely free health care for all black and oppressed people. • We want an immediate end to police brutality and murder of black people, other people of color, all oppressed people inside the United States. • We want an immediate to all wars of aggression. • We want freedom for all black and oppressed people now held in the U.S. federal, state, county, city and military prisons and jails. We want trials by a jury of peers for all persons charged with so-called crimes under the laws of the country. • We want land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice, peace and people’s community control of modern technology.

21. International Reaches • The effects of the Black Panthers have rippled across many countries, however briefly. • International groups have included the Black Panther Movement and the White Panthers of the United Kingdom, the Black Panther Party of Israel, the Black Beret Cadre of Bermuda, the Dalit Panthers of India, and the Black Panther Party of Australia. • Clemons & Jones (2001) concluded that the ideology of the Panthers, underlined by a commitment to self-determination and the elimination of all forms of discrimination, found resonance with oppressed people around the world.

22. Other subgroups • Black Panther coalition and support groups began to spring up internationally in Japan, China, France, England, Germany, Sweden, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Uruguay and Israel. • There was a rapid proliferation of other, like minded organizations. • Chicanos or Mexican Americans in South California formed the Brown Berets. • Whites in Chicago formed the White Patriot Party.

23. Other subgroups: cont. • Chinese in the San Francisco Bay Area formed the Red Guard. • Puerto Ricans in New York created the Young Lords. • A group of so called senior citizens organized the Gray Panthers to address human and civil rights abuses of the elderly in society.

24. “Power flows from the Barrel of a Gun”

25. Teachings/Actions “Program for the People”- taking control of the communities in which African-Americans lived Sought full employment, and decent housing. Established day care centers, free breakfast programs and other services in the ghettos.

26. Survival programs • There came tomore than 35 programs in the 1960’s that were referred to as Survival Programs and were operated by Party members under the slogan “survival pending revolution.” • Free Breakfast for Children Program, which spread from being operated at one small Catholic church to every major city in America where there was a Party chapter. • Thousands upon thousands of poor and hungry children were fed free breakfasts every day by the Party under this program.

27. Survival programs • Other survival programs that existed were: • Free Clinics • Grocery Giveaways • The manufacture and distribution of free shoes • Senior transport and service programs, • Free busing to prisons and prisoner support and legal aid programs, among others.

28. THE MURDER OF TWO PANTHERS • WHEN THE PARTY WAS ACTIVE FROM 1966 – 1972, MOST POLICE DEPARTMENTS HAVE HIRED MORE AFRICAN AMERICAN OFFICERS. • IN 1969 IN CHICAGO, TWO PANTHERS, MARK CLARK AND FRED HAMPTON WERE MURDEREDBY THE POLICE. • THE FIVE POLICE OFFICERS THERE WERE ALL AFRICAN – AMERICANS. • THE TWO PANTHERS WERE KILLLED BY JAMES DAVIS.

29. Teachings/Actions • Involved in violent shootouts with the police throughout the 1960’s, often in response to police/FBI investigations or perceived interference in Black communities • Worked with politicians/developers on community projects to build housing, schools, and infrastructure for black folks • Organized marches and protests to challenge policing practices, unfair tax distribution, and state/fed government policies