Risk factors of Heart disease

1. Risk factors of Heart disease Dr. Mahmoudian.

3. Risk factors for coronary artery atherosclerosis • Hyperlipidemia and dyslipidemia • Hypertension • Cigarette habituation • Air pollution • Diabetes mellitus • Age • Sex

4. Other risk factors for coronary artery atherosclerosis • Family history of premature CAD • Hypoalphalipoproteinemia • Obesity • Physical inactivity • Syndromes of accelerated atherosclerosis - Graft atherosclerosis, CAD after cardiac transplantation

5. Other risk factors for coronary artery atherosclerosis • Rheumatoid arthritis[ • Metabolic syndrome • Chronic inflammation • Infectious agents • Increased fibrinogen levels • Increased lipoprotein(a) levels • Familial hypercholesterolemia • Depression

6. Novel Risk Factors • C-reactive protein (Hs) • Lipoprotein(a) • Homocysteine (genetic, B12, B6, Folate Def) • Tissue plasminogen activator • Small, Dense LDL • Fibrinogen • Apo B100 • ApoA1Lp

7. inflammation marker • CRP, • Adiponectin, • Monocytechemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), • CD40 ligand • lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A

8. Other factors • Low serum testosterone levels have a significant negative impact on patients with CAD.[46] • Erectile dysfunction increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, stroke, and all-cause mortality. This additional risk may be independent of conventional cardiovascular risk factors.[47] • One study suggests women aged 50 years or younger who undergo a hysterectomy are at an increased risk for cardiovascular disease later in life.[48] Oopherectomy also increases the risk for both coronary heart disease and stroke.

9. End-stage renal disease (ESRD),[42] • chronic inflammatory diseases affecting connective tissues (eg, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis),[43, 44] • human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection • highly active antiretroviral therapy [HAART]),[45] • other markers of inflammation

11. Sugar • Although high consumption of carbohydrates and sugar is associated with higher rates of cardiovascular disease risk in adults, not much is known about the effect of added sugars in US adolescents. • A study of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004, suggests that added sugar consumption is positively associated with an increase risk of cardiovascular disease in adolescents. • The results of this study suggest that future risk of cardiovascular disease may be reduced by minimizing sugar intake.

12. Sugar • A meta-analysis of multiple population studies associated chocolate consumption with a substantial risk reduction (approximately 30%) in cardiometabolic disorders, including coronary disease, cardiac deaths, diabetes, and stroke. • The apparent benefits of chocolate may accrue from a beneficial impact of polyphenols present in cocoa products that increase the bioavailability of nitric oxide. These findings are based on observational studies, and further experimental studies are warranted to confirm the finding of a potential beneficial effect of chocolate consumption.

13. Stress • Adrenergic stimulation during stress can increase myocardial oxygen requirements, can cause vasoconstriction, and has been linked to platelet and endothelial dysfunction[34] and metabolic syndrome.[35

14. Sleep • A systemic review and meta-analysis by Cappuccio et al suggests that too little sleep (≤5-6 h per night) or too much sleep (>8-9 h per night) increases risk of coronary heart disease

15. Xanthelasmata • The Copenhagen City Heart Study found that xanthelasmata (raised yellow patches around the eyelids) but not arcuscorneae (white or grey rings around the cornea) constitutes an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease

17. References • http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/164163-overview#a30 • Maxy • ....