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World War I Breaks Out: Causes and Realities

Explore the origins, escalation, and innovations of World War I, including MANIA factors and major battles. Learn about the impact of alliances, nationalism, imperialism, and the assassination that ignited a global conflict. Witness the evolution of modern warfare with deadly technologies and strategies.

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World War I Breaks Out: Causes and Realities

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  1. Chapter 21 – World War I

  2. Section 1 – World War I Breaks Out • Causes of the War • MANIA • M = Militarism • Glorification of military strength • A = Alliances • Agreement between countries to work together for the benefit of each country • N = Nationalism • Extreme Pride in ones Nation or State. Often seen by Flags, National Anthems, and other Signature Items • I = Imperialism • Domination of One Country over another in terms of Political, Economic, or Cultural Life • A = Assassination • Deliberate Murder of a High Ranking Government Official

  3. Militarism and Alliances • Germany • Otto Von Bismarck • Unite German States • Build up military • France • Build up Navy • Britain • Disputes • Settled on battlefield • Arms race • Larger armies • More powerful weapons • Promises to aid the other • Germany – Austria = Dual Alliance • France – Russia – Great Britain = Triple Entente

  4. Nationalism and Imperialism • Balkans • Unstable • Powder Keg of Europe • One spark to set it off • Albanians, Greeks, Romanians, Slavs • Greeks revolt 1820 • Romania 1859 • Bulgarians, Montenegrins, Serbs – Staked claims to nationhood • Austria-Hungary • Occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina • Also claimed by Serbia • Imperialism • Germany vs. France • Alsace-Lorraine • Africa • Could only expand by taking land from France/Britain

  5. Assassination • June 1914 • Archduke Franz Ferdinand • Visited Sarajevo • Serbian Nationalist • GavriloPrincip • The Black Hand • Franz Joseph • Ruler of Austria-Hungary • Offers list of 12 harsh demands to Serbia • Meet all but 1 • July 28th, 1914 • Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia

  6. Weapons and Innovations • Major innovations in weaponry prior to outbreak of WWI: • Smokeless gun-powder • Artillery with high rounded trajectory • Machine Gun- 1st automatic was introduced in 1884 by Hiram Maxim (fired 600 rounds/minute) • Rifles-improved by the invention of smokeless powder, and magazines

  7. The Great War • Germany supports Austria-Hungary • Kaiser Wilhelm • Russia honors alliance - Serbia • Slav Nations • Global War • Allied Powers – Triple Entente • Britain, France, Russia • Central Powers • Germany, Austria-Hungary • Known as the Great War, later renamed World War I

  8. The Conflict Expands • On July 29 • Russia began mobilizing • Germany demands Russia stop • Russia refused • Russia’s ally, France began to ready troops, as did Germany • August 1, Germany declared war on Russia • Germany had long prepared for this day • To avoid a 2 front war, Germany developed a first-strike strategy known as the SchlieffenPlan • SchlieffenPlan • Quick sweep through France to knock the French out of the war and keep British across English Channel, then the German army would turn east and defeat Russia • Germany marched through Belgium • A country whose neutrality was protected by an international treaty • This invasion brought the British into the conflict on August 4th

  9. 1914

  10. War Reaches a Stalemate • Kaiser Wilhelm • “home before the leaves have fallen from the trees” • Germans • Sweep through Belgium and Northern France • September • 30 miles of Paris • Western Front • First Battle of the Marne • French and British forces stop the German advance • Both sides then dug in and fortified their lines • Relatively equal in size and strength, the two sides reached a bloody stalemate

  11. Trench Warfare • Trench Warfare • Muddy, rat-infested trenches • Artillery Barrages • “No-man’s land” • Barbed Wire and Mines • Soldiers • “Over the top” • Neither side able to gain more than a few miles for months • In just 1st5 months of war • Approx. 1 million French soldiers were seriously injured or killed

  12. Eastern Front • Eastern Front • Poorly-armed Russian army invaded Germany and Austria-Hungary • Russia’s early victories • Frightened Germany • Soldiers sent to Eastern Front ahead of schedule • German army pushes the invading Russian armies back • By end of 1914

  13. Modern Warfare • Machine Guns • Vickers, Hotchkiss, & Lewis (British) • Browning Machine Gun (American) • Shot 450 rounds per minute • Water Cooling Jackets • Used Ammunition Belt to Feed Bullets • Usually Team of 2-6 • Used Tri-pods

  14. Modern Warfare Continued • Poison Gases • Chlorine Gas • 1streleased by German army • Shot into Allied trenches in April of 1915 • Mustard Gas was used later on • Tanks • 1st used by British in 1915 • Mobility to the Western Front • Had Caterpillar Tracks • Cross Tough Terrain • Combat Trench Warfare • Machine Guns • Troop Movement

  15. New Weapons • Submarines – German U-Boats • Avoid • Munitions from getting to Britain • Commercial ships • Military ships • Airplanes • Scout positions • Later – Machine Guns • 5 kills by Pilot = Aces • Germany • Manfred Von Richthofen • Red Baron • 80 Kills • Americans • 55 primitive planes • Edward Rickenbacker • 26 Kills

  16. 1916 Offensives • Germans • “bleed the French army white” • Targeted • Verdun • 21 hour artillery barrage • 1 million shells fired • 1 million troops • French – 200,000 • Back and forth for months • Allies • Battle of the Somme • Exhaust enemy reserves • British • 60,000 casualties in single day • 4 month long battle • 1 million dead and wounded • Disease– Lice and Rats

  17. Section 2 – The United States Goes to War • U.S. Neutrality • European matter • Great Britain Propaganda • Germans • Brutal Killers • British Blockade • Mines in North Sea • Germany Blockade • “War zone” around Britain • German U-Boats • Germany accountable for any injury to American lives or property on the high seas

  18. U.S. Involvement • March 28, 1915 • British passenger ship • 100 people • 1 American • May 7th, 1915 • Lusitania • 128 Americans • “Savages drunk with blood” • Germans • Lusitania • Transporting armament for Britain • Wilson • Pledges to stop unrestricted submarine warfare • Secretary of State - William Jennings Bryan • Resigns

  19. The Road to War • March 1916 • French Vessel • Sussex • Sussex Pledge • Would not sink liners without warning or without ensuring passengers safety • Teddy Roosevelt • “weakness and cowardice” • William Jennings Bryan • Commercial and Trade policies helped allies • American Banks • Loaned billions to Britain and France • Robert Lansing • Encouraged trade with allies • $500 million

  20. Preparedness and Peace • “Preparedness” Program • Military • National Defense Act • 90,000 – 175,000 • Goal of 223,000 • National Guard • 450,000 troops • $313 Million • Build up the Navy • Wilson reelection • “He kept us out of War” • Narrowly defeats Charles Evan Hughes • Peace without victory • Nations rejected Wilson as mediator

  21. Diplomatic relations Broken/U.S. Declares War • German U-Boats • Full scale warfare • Defeat fleet before U.S. joins war • Wilson • Arms American merchant ships • U-Boats sink 5 American ships • German foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmerman • Zimmerman Note • April 2nd, 1917 • Asked Congress to declare war • April 4th, 1917 • Senate declares War • House follows 2 days later • Not unanimous • Jeanette Rankin – Montana

  22. Mobilizing U.S. Military Power • Selective Service Act • 21-30 register • Later 18-45 • End of WWI • 24 million had registered • 2.8 were drafted • More than ½ who served were draftees • 10,000 American Indians • 1924 – Citizenship • 370,000 African Americans • Block from Marines • Cooks in Navy • Not integrated

  23. Over There • American Expeditionary Force (AEF) • Regular Army • National Guard • Draftees and Volunteers • General John J. Pershing • U.S. fight as a separate unit • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uXsZp24jk2E • July 4, 1917 • “Yanks” • Paris, France • Marquis de Lafayette • Convoy System • 2 million soldiers • Not 1 died as a result of attack on high seas

  24. Section 3 – The War at Home • Costs $35 billion • Including leans to Allies • Liberty bonds & Victory bonds • Increased taxes • $10 billion for the war • William McAdoo • Secretary of the Treasury • Food Administration • Herbert Hoover • Granted farmers high prices • Wheatless and meatless days • Victory Gardens • Fuel Administration • Harry Garfield

  25. Organizing Industry/Mobilizing Workers • War Industries Board (WIB) • Bernard Baruch • Wall Street Investor • National War Labor Board (NWLB) • AFL – 2 million to 3.2 million • Women • 6 percent • 1.5 million American Women • Juliette Gordon Low • Girl Scouts of America • Peach pits • Gas mask filters

  26. Great Migration • Great Migration • African Americans from South to Northern cities from 1915 to 1930 • Papers encouraged migration • Committee on Public Information (CPI) • George Creel • Propaganda campaign • Support the War • Hollywood • The Claws of the Hun • The Kaiser, the Beast of Berlin • Education • Teaching English and U.S. History and Government • Patriotic duty

  27. Suppressing Opposition • Quakers and Mennonites • Opposed war • Pacifism • Politicians • Jeannette Rankin • Robert La Follette • Jane Addams • Socialist Party • Eugene Debs • 10 years for making speech against the war • Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) • Espionage and Sedition Acts • Illegal “utter, print, write, or publish any disloyal or abusive language criticizing the government”

  28. Section 4 – The War’s End and Aftermath • End of Romanov Dynasty • Tsar Nicholas II • Bolsheviks: • Radical Russian Socialists Group • November 1917 seize power • Opposed the War • Hammer & Sickle: • Represent Nations Workers & Peasants • Star Represents the Rule of the Communists Party • Vladimir Lenin • Bolshevik Leader • Signs Brest-Litovsk Treaty in 1918 • Removed Russia from War • Germany can Focus on Western Front

  29. Germany’s Spring Offensives • Luderndorff • March 21, 1918 • 1 Million German Soldiers •  6,000 Artillery Pieces • Big Bertha's • 2,100 - pound shell, 9 miles • By May • 50 miles from Paris • General Pershing • U.S. troops under French Command • Marshal Ferdinand Foch • Chateau-Thierry on June 3-4 • Saves Paris • Final Assault • July 15 • 3 days later – American led counterattack

  30. Allied Victory • Battle of the Argonne Forest • 120,000 American casualties • Lost Battallion • Cher Ami “Dear Friend” • African American troops • 369th Infantry • Croix de Guerre (Cross of War) • Morale Sags • Mutinies • German Chancellor – asks for armistice • November 9th – Kaiser Wilhelm gives up throne • Armistice • Evacuate Alsace-Lorraine, Belgium, France, and Luxembourg • Surrender Military equipment • Cease fire • 11th hour, of the 11th day, of the 11th month

  31. Wilson’s 14 points • Fourteen Points • Program for World Peace • 9 dealt with self-determination • Right of people to govern themselves • 5 dealt with causes of modern war • Secret diplomacy, arms race, trade barriers • Final Point – League of Nations • International body to prevent offensive wars • Allies and Germans refuse • Big Four • Wilson, David Lloyd George (Britain), Georges Clemenceau(France), Vittorio Orlando (Italy) • Germany – reparations • Violates 14 points • League of Nations • No U.S. representation

  32. Global Impact of the War • Treaty of Versailles • June 28, 1919 • 8.5 Million Dead • 21 Million Wounded • Germany • Inflation • Food shortages • Balfour Declaration • Jewish homeland in Palestine

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