Organic Compounds The Big Four

1. Organic CompoundsThe Big Four Objectives: - Highlight the similarities between protein, nucleic acid, lipids and carbohydrates - Examine amino acid structure and amino acid chains - Determine the function and shape of proteins and why they are Mr. Swift’s favourite.

2. What are the Big Four? • The big four refer to the four organic compounds found in living things. They include: • Proteins • Nucleic Acids • Lipids • Carbohydrates

3. Similarities in the Big Four • They all have carbon as their core structure • Contain hydrogen, oxygen and several other atoms. • They are called macromolecules (means giant molecules) and are made from thousands of smaller molecules. • The smaller units are called monomers and they join together to form polymers.

4. Polymer Monomer Amino acids Nucleotides Glycerol and Fatty Acids Glucose • Protein • Nucleic Acids • Lipids • Carbohydrates

5. Proteins • Proteins have amino acids as their basic structure • Only 20 amino acids • Amino acids are all similar in structure. They all have: • Central carbon atom • Carboxylic acid group • Amine group • Single hydrogen atom • R group • An R group is an arrangement of different atoms

6. Proteins Drawing an Amino Acid

7. Proteins Glycine

8. Proteins • Circle the two you want to memorize • Star methionine

9. Proteins Dehydration Synthesis • Dehydration refers to a loss of water • When one amino acid joins to another, the carboxyl group of the first bonds to the amine group of the second. • This produces a peptide bond. • Water is released in this process.

10. Proteins Glycine + Glycine → Gly-Gly + H2O The reverse of this reaction is called hydrolysis

11. Proteins • Draw the dehydration synthesis of 2 alanine molecules.

12. Proteins • 2 amino acids are a dipeptide molecule. • More than 2 amino acids are a polypeptide • More than 200 amino acids are a protein.

13. Proteins • Draw the dehydration synthesis of an alanine and a glycine molecule.

14. Functions of Proteins • Structural molecule • Enzymes • Hormones • Antibodies • Passive and active channels in the plasma membrane

15. Protein Shapes • Primary (Linear) – the sequence of amino acids are in a protein chain.

16. Protein Shapes • Secondary (folded or helical) – the amino acids in the chain are twisted or folded upon themselves.

17. Protein Shapes • Tertiary (3D shape) – the chain itself is folded because of the interactions between the amino acids with large R groups.

18. Protein Shapes • Quarternary – multiple polypeptides all with a 3D shape.

19. Protein Video • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w-ctkPUUpUc

20. Activity • Building a quaternary protein structure • Notice that if you press or stretch your protein gently it springs back into place. Proteins are somewhat flexible • If you stretch or press it harder the protein losses its shape and is unable to return to it’s original configuration. This can happen to a protein that had been altered by heat or chemical denaturation.

21. Review • All organic compounds have __________ as their core element. • Large molecules made up of repeating units are called __________. • The building blocks of organic compounds are called __________. • All 20 amino acids have the same structural blueprint; a central __________, an __________ group, a __________ acid group, a single ___________ and an _____________. • The simplest amino acid is called ___________. • Amino acids link together in a process called ________________. • Amino acids are linked by a special covalent bond called a ____________. • The first amino acid set down in every protein is _____________. • Five important functions of my favorite organic compound are _____________, _________________, ________________, ________________, and ______________________________. • Protein are found in 4 shapes: ________________, ___________________, ______________________ and _____________________.

22. Review • All organic compounds have Carbon as their core element. • Large molecules made up of repeating units are called Polymers. • The building blocks of organic compounds are called Monomers. • All 20 amino acids have the same structural blueprint; a central Carbon, an Amine group, a Carboxyl acid group, a single Hydrogen and an R-group. • The simplest amino acid is called Glycine. • Amino acids link together in a process called Dehydration Synthesis. • Amino acids are linked by a special covalent bond called a Peptide. • The first amino acid set down in every protein is Methionine. • Five important functions of my favorite organic compound are Structural, Hormones, Enzymes, Antibodies and Carrier Protein. • Protein are found in 4 shapes: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary.

23. Factors that Alter the Shape of Protein • Temperature - Protein Structure • Changes in pH – page 51 in your book • Denaturation – temporary change in shape • Coagulation – permanent change in shape

24. Page 51 in the Text book 1. What variable is plotted on the x-axis? • Time in seconds What variable is plotted on the y-axis? • Pressure of oxygen in kPa 2. How did the rate of reaction change over time in the control reaction? • The rate was very rapid and then levelled off 3. Suggest an explanation for the change in the control at about 40 seconds. • The hydrogen peroxide was used up

25. Page 51 in the Text book 4. What effect do acids and bases have on the enzyme catalase? • The base makes it less effective and the acid deactivates it so the reaction cannot take place 5. Would it be valid to conclude that if a base were added to a reaction the rate of the reaction would slow down? • The blue line shows that the pressure of oxygen was lower when the base was added, so yes, this would be a valid conclusion 6. Predict what would happen if vinegar were added to a solution of hydrogen peroxide and catalase. • Since vinegar is an acid, it would most likely make the reaction not take place.

26. Proteins as Enzymes • Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts • Catalysts are substances that speed up the chemical reaction in cells • In chemical reactions the elements or compounds entering into the reaction are called the reactants, the elements or compounds produced by the reaction are called the products.

27. Proteins as Enzymes • Only function in one chemical reaction – specificity (lock and key principle) • Are unaffected by the reaction, so they can be used over again. • If the shape of the enzyme changes, the enzyme can’t do it’s job. • Reduce the activation energy needed to start the reaction

28. Catabolic Reactions

29. Anabolic Reactions

30. Enzymes http://www.learnerstv.com/animation/animation.php?ani=324&cat=biology

31. Review • The big four • Monomers and polymers • All organic compounds have carbon as their core structure • Parts of an amino acid • Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis • Functions of proteins • Shapes of proteins

32. Review • Denaturation and coagulation • Factors that alter the shape of proteins • Reactants and products • Specificity • Catabolic and anabolic

33. Objectives • - Highlight the similarities between protein, nucleic acid, lipids and carbohydrates • - Examine amino acid structure and amino acid chains • - Determine the function and shape of proteins and why they are Mr. Swift’s favourite.