Reducing Pollution from Transport – actual challenges and developments

1. Reducing Pollution from Transport – actual challenges and developments Research center for Transport and Logistics Hybrid Vehicle Sustainability Evaluation A. Alessandrini, F. Filippi and F. Ortenzi JIM-EV 2009 7 May 2009

2. CTL – “Vehicle Research Group” Interdisciplinary scientific approach: Transport (DITS) Telecommunications (INFO-COM) Information Science (DIS) Energy and Mechanics (DMA/CIRPS/ENEA) Combined effort in reducing impacts

3. Data acquisition GPS (speed, position) Environment (pressure, temperature, humidity) Main engine parameters (rpm, speed, throttle position, mass airflow, air-fuel ratio, engine load, coolant temperature, catalyst temperature, exhaust gas temperature, pressure, flow rate) Emissions (CO2, CO, HC, NOx)

4. The monitoring system

5. On board

6. A journey

7. Emissions acquisition Horiba Japan On-board emissions measurement system OBS 1300

8. Accuracy of instruments

9. CTL – Honda Italy CTL and Honda signed 2 research contracts: To adapt the CTL monitoring tools to Honda hybrid vehicles To assess the real environmental impact of Honda hybrid vehicles in city use

10. Honda Civic Hybrid

11. Testing tour Length: 4.6 km Presence of slopes, intersections and high speed zones (up to 90 km/h ) Vehicles driven by 20 drivers, 3 times each 3 vehicles tested: Honda Hybrid, IMA and Civic 2.0 16v START

12. CTL SW Acquisition 5.1

13. Fuel consumption and CO2

14. Emissions

15. % tours 40 30 20 10 0 g/km 150-170 170-190 190-210 210-230 230-250 250-270 270-290 290-310 2000 16v Hybrid IMA CO2 emissions

16. % tours 80 EURO IV limitfor CO [g/km] 60 40 20 0 gr/km >3.25 0.75-1 1-1.25 1.75-2 2-2.25 2.75-3 3-3.25 0.0-0.25 1.25-1.5 2.5-2.75 0.25-0.5 0.5-0.75 1.5-1.75 2.25-2.5 2000 16v Hybrid IMA CO Emissions

17. % tours 70 60 EURO IV limitfor NOx [g/km] 50 40 30 20 10 0 gr/km >0.24 0-0.02 0.18-0.2 0.2-0.22 0.08-0.1 0.1-0.12 0.02-0.04 0.04-0.06 0.06-0.08 0.12-0.14 0.14-0.16 0.16-0.18 0.22-0.24 2000 16v Hybrid IMA NOx emissions

18. Fuel consumption l/100 km Throttle standard deviation %

19. NOX emissions g/km Limits Throttle standard deviation %

20. Sustainability evaluation User evaluation based on • Purchase cost • Fuel consumption (Fuel cost: 1.208 €/l) External costs evaluation based on • “Handbook on estimation of external costs in the transport sector” EC, 2008 • CO2=25 €/t; CO=0 €/t; HC=1.100 €/t; NOx=5.700 €/t

21. Calculationhypothesis • Urban environment • 6% discount rate • Lifetime of 250,000 km spread uniformly over 14 years • No maintenance costs

22. Users evaluation

23. External costs evaluation

24. The hybrid vehicles Reduce emissions in transient conditions because the engine is helped by the electrical motor in unfavourable working conditions. Limit dependence of emissions on drive-style. Delay the full throttle “emission overflow”. Will eventually eliminate the full throttle open loop conditions that cause “emission overflow”.

25. Hybrid and IMA consume less than Civic 2000 and are slightly less costly for the user. External costs are calculated using the EC promoted Manual; they are not high enough to advantage low environmental impact vehicles. Based on our current analyses, a hypothetical vehicle with no emissions could justify a price premium over the Civic 2000 of no more than €1775. Conclusions

26. Closing reflections R&D over 100 years has refined conventional ICE vehicles to be powerful, highly reliable, low emissions and high fuel economy. Alternative propulsion systems have received only a tiny fraction of the attention given to the conventional ICE vehicle. Considerable progress would be made in these alternative technologies: just compare the differences between the Civic IMA and the Hybrid achieved in a few years.