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2 意译法 —— 对难译的辞格:尽可能加工

2 意译法 —— 对难译的辞格:尽可能加工. 拟声; 对偶; 断取; 脚韵 析数; 同字; 双关; 顶真 统括; 列锦; 拈连; 精警 借代; 倒装; 摹形; 反复. 拟声 ( Onomatopoeia ) 1) 卜卜卜 —— 机关枪的声音跟着又来。(茅盾: 《 子夜 》 ) The staccato chatter of a machine-gun was heard again.

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2 意译法 —— 对难译的辞格:尽可能加工

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  1. 2 意译法——对难译的辞格:尽可能加工 • 拟声; 对偶; 断取; 脚韵 • 析数; 同字; 双关; 顶真 • 统括; 列锦; 拈连; 精警 • 借代; 倒装; 摹形; 反复

  2. 拟声 (Onomatopoeia) • 1) 卜卜卜——机关枪的声音跟着又来。(茅盾:《子夜》)The staccato chatter of a machine-gun was heard again. • 2) 敲了两下门,心上还突突直跳。(梁斌:《红旗谱》)He knocked twice at the gate,his heart thudding violently.

  3. 3) A hammering clatter of hoofs beating the hard road.“得、得、得”,坚硬的路面上响着接连不断的马蹄声。 • 4) White jagged lightning,followed by the brazen clash and deep rumble of thunder. 天空中闪过一道成V形的白色闪电,紧接着传来一声霹雳,然后是深沉的隆隆雷声。

  4. 把人、动物或自然物所发出的声音如实地加以描摹,这种修辞方法称为拟声,汉英皆有,但是有着较大的区别。在汉语里,一般都采用直接摹写声音的拟声词,如上面例1中的“卜卜卜”和例2中的“突突”。在英语里,一些动词和名词本身就具备了拟声的特点,融音与义为一体,引起音与音之间的联想,如上面例3中的 clatter 及例4中的 clash 和 rumble。因此,在翻译时,我们不得不考虑这些差异,适当地进行加工,如例1中的 “卜卜卜”不是译成 “pu-pu-pu”,而是用 clatter;例2中的 “突突”不是译成 “tu-tu”,而是用 thudding;例3中的 chatter 译成汉语的拟声词 “得、得、得”;例4中的 clash 译成 “霹雳”,rumble 译成 “ 隆隆”。

  5. 对偶(Antithesis) • 1)樱花红陌上, • 柳叶绿池边。(《周恩来诗选〈春日偶成〉》) • The pathways red with cherry blossoms; • The lakeside green with willow leaves. • 2) Beauty,strength,youth,are flowers but fading seen; • Duty,faith,love,are roots,and ever green. • (from a sonnet by George Peele) • 美貌、体力、年轻,就像花朵,终将衰尽; • 义务、信念、爱情,就像树根,万古长青。

  6. 1) 一孤舟,二客商,三四五六水手,扯起七八页风篷, 下九江,还有十里 十里运,九里香,八七六五号轮,虽走四三年旧道, 只二日,胜似一年 • ( 内含镶字格) • 2) 人曾是僧,人弗能成佛 女卑为婢,女又可称奴 • (内含析字格)

  7. 断取 • 1) 三国时代,曹操带领大军下江南,攻打东吴。那时,周瑜是个 “ 青年团员”,当东吴的统帅,程普等老将不服,后来说服了,还是由他当,结果打了胜仗。(毛泽东:《青年团的工作要照顾青年的特点》) At the time of the Three Kingdoms,Cao Cao led his huge army to the Yangtse River to attack the Kingdom of Wu in eastern China. Zhou Yu,who was then a “Youth League member”in age,was appointed commanding general of the Wu army. Cheng Pu and other battle-seasoned generals protested but were later persuaded into accepting his command,and in the end the battle was won. • 2) 你刚才所说做大生意做得有些讨厌,这还是第一百零一回听到的话。Just now you said it’s a tiring job to do a big sale. It is the first time I’ve heard this.

  8. 使用一个词语时,只取这个词语中的一字或一词或一部分的意义,通过连接上下文来表达意思,这个词语的其它部分,只起搭配作用,毫不表义,可以不管它,这样的修辞手法,叫做断取。英语里无此辞格。

  9. 脚韵 (Rhyme) • 1) 饭来张口,衣来伸手 • have only to open one’s mouth to be fed • and hold out one’s hands to be dressed • ---- lead an easy life • 2) 秦时明月汉时关, 万里长征人未还。(王昌龄:《从军行〈之三〉》) • The age-old moon still shines o’er the ancient Great Wall, • But our frontier guardsmen have not come back at all.

  10. 3) When the cat’s away,the mice will play. 猫儿不在,鼠儿作怪。 • 4) health and wealth 健康与财富 fair and square 正大光明的 high flyer 野心勃勃的人;好高骛远的人 low blow 不正大光明的行为;打腰部以下的一击

  11. 析数 • 1) 阿舒已二八, • 懒惰故无匹。(陶渊明:《责子》) • A-Shu is twice eight, • For laziness he has no equal. • 2) 三五中秋夕 • 清游拟上元。(曹雪芹:《红楼梦》,第七十六回) • Mid-autumn’s fifteenth night is here again. • As on the Feast of Lanterns we stroll round.

  12. 3) Now,of my threescore years and ten, • Twenty will not come again. (A. E. Housman) • 在我的七十寿数内, • 有二十已一去不回。 • 4) Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation. (Abraham Lincoln)八十七年前,我们的先辈在这块大陆上创建了一个新的国家。

  13. 同字 • 1) 潘月亭:顾八奶奶是天下最多情的女人。 • 顾八奶奶(很自负地):所以我顶悲剧,顶痛苦,顶热烈,顶没有法子办。(曹禺:《日出》第二幕) • PAN:Mrs Gu,you’re the most sentimental woman in the world! • GU (gratified):That’s the reason why I’m most tragic,most distressed,most passionate,most helpless. • 2) 顾八奶奶(望着月亭走出,回过头,又滔滔地):白露,我真佩服你!我真不知道怎么夸你好。你真是个杰作! 又香艳,又美丽,又浪漫,又肉感。(曹禺:《日出》第二幕) • GU (She watches Pan jauntily depart,then looks round again and launches into another torrent of words):I do admire you,Bailu! I really don’t know how to do justice to you. You’re a chef d’oeuvre! Charming,beautiful,romantic,voluptuous.

  14. 双关;Pun • 1) 杨柳青青江水平, • 闻郎江上唱歌声; • 东边日出西边雨, • 道是无晴却有晴。(刘禹锡:《竹枝词》) • Between the willows green • the river flows along, • My beloved in a boat • is heard singing a song. • The west is veiled in rain, • the east basks in sunshine, • My beloved is as deep in love • as the day is fine.

  15. 2) 春蚕到死丝方尽, • 蜡炬成灰泪始干。(李商隐:《无题》) • The silkworm till its death spins silk from love-sick heart; • The candle only when burnt has no tears to shed.

  16. 3)二战刚结束,一艘来访的美国战舰耀武扬威地驶进一英国港口,舰上的旗语为 “Second to None”(老子天下第一),吹嘘着美国的战绩。一艘破烂不堪的英国小炮艇默默地停到美国战舰旁,打出旗语 “None”。 这一英国式的幽默极大羞辱了傲慢的美国人。对这一幽默中的双关旗语有人译为:“无人比我好。”—— “无人”。

  17. 4)美国作家海明威的小说名 A Farewell to Arms中的 “arms”一语双关,第一层意思为 “武器”,代表帝国主义战争,第二层意思为 “手臂”,代表拥抱与爱情,该词点出了他这部作品的双重主题。此书有两个汉译本,一本把书名译为《永别了,武器》,另一本处理成《战地春梦》,在体现书名里的双关语这一点上,后一种译法更为恰切:“战”与 “春”分别译出原文 arms 的两层意思。

  18. 5)空对着,山中高士晶莹雪; • 终不忘,世外仙姝寂寞林。(曹雪芹:《红楼梦》,第五回) • Vainly facing the hermit in sparkling snow-clad hills • I forget not the fairy in lone woods beyond the world.(杨)

  19. 6) 民国万税 天下太贫 • 这是解放前有人讽刺国民党反动统治的一副对联,其中 “税”与 “岁”谐音,“贫”与 “平”谐音,这样的谐音双关的确很难翻译。

  20. 7) When a woman complained to her butcher that his sausages tasted like meat at one end,but like bread at the other,he replied:“Madam,in times like these no butcher can make both ends meat.” • 这个原文里的最后一个 meat 是个谐音双关,表面意思为:“ 把香肠的两头都填上肉”,而实际上应是英语成语 “make both ends meet”,意为:“使收支相抵”、“靠微薄收入为生”。

  21. 8) The professor rapped on his desk and shouted:“Gentlemen,order!” — The entire class yelled:“Beer!” • 这个幽默在于 order 的一词二义,第一个意思是 “安静”,也是教授先生的原意,该词的第二个意思是 “点菜”,也是全班学生故意的曲解,因此他们大声齐喊 “啤酒”,令人啼笑皆非。这个双关语只能通过注释来处理。

  22. 顶真;Anadiplosis • 1) 有个农村叫张家庄,张家庄有个张木匠。张木匠有个好老婆,外号叫“小飞娥”。小飞娥生了个女儿叫艾艾。(赵树理:《登记》)There was a village called Zhangjia Village,where lived Carpenter Zhang,who had a good wife,nicknamed Little Moth,who gave birth to a girl called Ai’ai.

  23. 2)他一见面是寒暄,寒暄之后说我 “胖了”,说我 “胖了”之后即大骂其新党。(鲁迅:《祝福》)Having exchanged some polite remarks upon meeting he observed that I was fatter,and having observed that I was fatter launched into a violent attack on the reformists.

  24. 3) Still he sought for fame ... fame,that last infirmity of noble mind. 可是他仍旧追逐名气——追逐名气,这是个高尚人永远摆脱不了的弱点。 • 4) He gave his life;life was all he could give. 他奉献了自己的生命;生命是他能奉献的一切。

  25. 统括 • 1) 我妈妈是个古板人,讲究的是三从四德。(周立波:《山乡巨变》)My mother is rigidly conservative. She’s very particular about the Three Obediences and the Four Virtues. • 统括就是把几个类似的词语中相同的字提取出来,并加上相应的数字,以达到简洁明了的语言表达效果。

  26. 全会建议全国人民代表大会修改宪法第四十五条,取消其中关于 “ 四大”即大鸣、大放、大字报、大辩论的规定。(《邓小平文选》第二卷)The session has also decided to propose to the National People’s Congress the deletion of the provision in Article 45 of the Constitution concerning the si da,that is,speaking out freely,airing one’s views fully,writing big-character posters and holding great debates.(外文出版社的译本根据 “四大”的音译,又加了脚注——Si da:This is a shorthand way of referring to the provision in Article 45 of the Constitution of 1978 concerning “speaking out freely,airing one’s views fully,writing big-character posters and holding great debates”. Since in Chinese each of these expressions contains the character da or “big”,they have come to be known as the si da,or “four bigs”.)

  27. 三个代表 • 三大注意 八象纪律

  28. 列锦 • 1) 蓝的天,绿的地,长长的小路,她走来了! (张枚同等:《麦苗返青的时候》) • The blue sky,the green land,and the long path. Here she was coming along. • 2) Honour,anger,valour,fire; • A love that life could never tire, • Death quench or evil stir, • The mighty master • Gave to her. (R. L. Stevenson) • 坚贞、义愤、英勇、热烈, • 她的那种情爱,生活难以煎枯, • 邪恶无从诱惑,死亡不能扑灭—— • 这是全能的主 • 授予她的禀赋。

  29. 马致远《天净沙》: 枯藤老树昏鸦, 小桥流水人家, 古渡西风瘦马。 夕阳西下, 断肠人在天涯。 王国维称赞:“寥寥数语,深得唐人绝句妙境。”

  30. 以名词或用以名词为中心的定名结构组成,里面没有动词或形容词谓语,却能叙事述怀,写景抒情,这样的修辞句式叫做列锦,汉英两种言语都有此修辞方法,但英语里无此修辞名称。

  31. 拈连;Zeugma • 1) 哼! 你别看我耳朵聋——可我的心并不 “聋”啊! (郭澄清:《大刀记》)Humph! My ears are deaf,but my mind is not. • 2) 小火车在欢腾地急驰。人们的心和火车一样,向家乡急奔。(曲波:《林海雪原》)The little train and the hearts of all its passengers,together,sped merrily homeward.

  32. 3) The blood stained her honour and her new brocade. 血迹玷污了她的新装,也玷污了她的名誉。(英语中的zeugma,常常把虚的放在前面,如本句中的honour和下面句中的heart,把实的放在后面,如本句中的brocade和下面句中的necklace,而汉语译文必须按逻辑关系来安排前后。) • 4) She lost her heart and necklace at a ball. 在一次舞会上,她丢了魂,也丢了项链。(不宜译作“倾心爱上了一个人,但却丢失了她的项链”。)

  33. 在说甲乙两事物时,把适用于说甲的词顺便也用来说乙,这就是我们所谓的拈连修辞格。

  34. . 精警;Paradox;Oxymoron • 1) 他细味他俩最近的几页可爱的历史。想一节伤一回心,但他宁愿这样甜蜜的伤心。(《朱自清文集》第一卷)He meditated upon their recent pleasant experiences. Each time he indulged in such meditation,he felt heart-broken. But he was eager to taste this kind of sweet bitterness. • 2) 年年难过年年过, • 处处无家处处家。(解放前的一副趣联) • Hard up,we manage to get over it each year; • Homeless,we try to make home everywhere.

  35. 3) The land did not move,but moved. The sea was not still,yet was still. Paradox flowed into paradox,stillness mixed with stillness,sound with sound. (E. Ray Bradbury: The Vacation)大地止而亦行,大海动而亦静。万寂交而万籁和,若真若假,若是若非。

  36. 4) Why,then,O brawling love! O loving hate! • O any thing,of nothing first created! • O heavy lightness! serious vanity! • Mis-shapen chaos of well-seeming forms! • Feather of lead,bright smoke,cold fire,sick health! • Still-waking sleep that is not what it is! ----- • This love feel I,that feel no love in this. • (William Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet) • 啊,吵吵闹闹的相爱,亲亲热热的怨恨! • 啊,无中生有的一切! • 啊,沉重的轻浮,严肃的狂妄, • 整齐的混乱, • 铅铸的羽毛,光明的烟雾,寒冷的火焰,憔悴的健康, • 永远觉醒的睡眠,否定的存在! • 我感觉到的爱情正是这么一种东西,可是我并不喜爱这一种爱情。 • (朱生豪译)

  37. 这种看似矛盾、实则入情入理的矛盾修辞方法,汉英两种语言里都有,在汉语里称作精警,在英语里前后两句话或同一句话的前后两个部分采用似非而是的修辞手法,称作 paradox (如上面的例3);一个词语(如名词或动词)被一个反义词(如形容词或副词)修饰,这在英语里称作 oxymoron (如上面的例4)。

  38. 借代;Antonomasia • 1) 中国还有一句成语,三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮。 单独的一个诸葛亮总是不完全的,总是有缺陷的。(《毛泽东选集》,第五卷)Still another Chinese proverb says three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind. Zhuge Liang by himself can never be perfect,he has his limitations. • 2) 这对年轻夫妇并不相配,一个是西施,一个是张飞。This young couple is not well matched,one is a Xi Shi --- a famous Chinese beauty,while the other is a Zhang Fei --- a well-known ill-tempered brute.

  39. 3) He is a modern Samson. 他是现代参孙式的大力士。(Samson:参孙,《圣经》中人物,以身强力大著称。) • 4) We have enrolled every local Cicero. 我们把各地西塞罗式的雄辩家都招来了。(Cicero:西塞罗,古罗马雄辩家、政治家、哲学家。) • 5) Our village Hercules has come. 我们村的大力士来了。(Hercules:海格立斯,希腊神话里主神宙斯之子,力大无比,曾完成十二项英雄事迹。)

  40. 倒装;Anastrophe • 1) 屈原:鼓动吧,风! 咆哮吧,雷! 闪耀吧,电! 把一切沉睡在黑暗怀里的东西,毁灭,毁灭,毁灭呀! (郭沫若:《屈原》) • QU YUAN:Blow,wind! Roll,thunder! Flash,lightning! Destroy all things that slumber in darkness,destroy them utterly! • 2) 如果我能够,我要写下我的悔恨和悲哀,为子君,为自己。(鲁迅:《伤逝》)I want,if I can,to record my remorse and grief,for Zijun’s sake as well as for my own.

  41. 3) Fine and sunny it was when we started on our way. 我们动身那天,天气晴朗,阳光灿烂。 • 4) So beautifully did she sing that the audience burst into applause. 她唱得美妙动听,全体听众都为她鼓掌。

  42. C. 摹形;Graphic • 1) 几何老师手拿一把丁字尺,走进了教室。With a T square in his hand,the teacher of geometry came into the classroom. • 2) 老张走进房间一看,只见女儿在床上睡成一个 “大”字。Old Zhang went into the room and saw his daughter lying on the bed in the shape of the Chinese character 大. • 3) It was just impossible for him to get into this I-shaped hole. 要他钻进这个 “工”字形的洞口,是完全不可能的。 • 4) What they need now is a large quantity of Z iron. 他们目前需要的是大量的乙字铁。

  43. 可以用汉字 “丁”同英文里 “T”、汉字 “工”同英文里的 “I”、汉字 “乙”或 “之”同英文里的 “Z”相互套用

  44. 反复;Repetition • 1) 知否,知否? 应是绿肥红瘦。(李清照:《如梦令(一)》) • Don’t you know, • Don’t you know • The red should languish and the green must grow? • 2) 争渡,争渡,惊起一滩鸥鹭。(李清照《如梦令(二)》) • I struggled and struggled out of the tangle. • I thus alarmed a beach of herons and gulls.

  45. 3) April,April, • Laugh thy girlish laughter. (W. Watson) • 四月呀四月, • 笑吧,姑娘般地笑吧。 • 4) A thin man in a thin overcoat watched them out of thin,emotionless eyes. (James Thurber: One Is A Wanderer)一个骨瘦如柴、衣服单薄、双目失神的男子注视着他们。

  46. 3 弥补法——对不能译的辞格:尽可能补救 • 联边 • 1) 浩海汪洋波涛涌溪河注满 • 雷霆霹雳霭雲雾霖雨雱霏(旧时 “海神庙”对联)(下联里的 “云”字一定要用繁体字,否则就无法达到联边的目的。) • 2)宠宰宿寒家,穷窗寂寞 • 客官寓宦宫,富室宽容 • (明朝宰相叶向高一次夜宿新科状元家,状元出了这里的上联,叶向高对出了这儿的下联。)

  47. 清朝,侍郎毕某宴请尚书王某,约蒲松龄作陪,三人饮酒属对。 毕侍郎彬彬有礼,出了第一联: • 三字同头左右友, • 三字同旁沽清酒, • 今日幸会左右友, • 聊表寸心沽清酒。 • 王尚书盛气凌人,出了第二联: • 三字同头官宦家, • 三字同旁绸缎纱, • 若非当朝官宦家, • 谁人配穿绸缎纱。

  48. 蒲松龄不畏权贵,出了第三联: • 三字同头哭骂咒, • 三字同旁狼狐狗, • 山野声声哭骂咒, • 只道道多狼狐狗。

  49. 5) 烟锁池塘柳, • 炮镇海城楼。 • (上下联各在其偏旁包含 “金木水火土”五行。)

  50. 联边是汉语里特有的修辞格。在特定的语义环境中,让三个以上在一起的汉字使用同一偏旁部首,让读者看了这反复使用的偏旁,就能联想起与这偏旁有关的形象,这种修辞手法叫做联边。由于汉语是象形文字,英语是拼音文字,英语无法把汉语偏旁反复使用的形式以及由此产生的联想也翻译出来。上面数例都说明了这一点。然而,补救的办法到底有没有呢? 联边利用了汉语的偏旁部首,给读者带来了视觉的和谐以及形象的联想,其实在英语里也有一种利用每个词头的修辞方式,那就是 alliteration, 即头韵。头韵在其产生的效果上与联边非常相似,我们可以在英语译文里用头韵来替代汉语原文里的联边。

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