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Comprehensive Review of Biomolecules in Semester 1

Understand carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, their functions, monomers, and importance in cell structure and energy. Study enzymes, cell transport, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, mitosis, meiosis, and genetics in-depth.

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Comprehensive Review of Biomolecules in Semester 1

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  1. Semester 1 Review

  2. Biomolecules • Carbohydrates • Source of energy for all living things • Monomer: monosaccharide (one sugar) • Lipids • Long term energy storage • Proteins • Enzymes, cell structures, determine traits • Help form muscle, skin, hair & nails • Monomer: amino acid • Nucleic Acids • Genetic material: provides information to your cells • DNA & RNA • Monomer: Nucleotide

  3. DNA to Protein • Proteins are made from the info in DNA • Watch video: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3fOXt4MrOM • Remember: • Protein chain is determined by the mRNA and the order and type of amino acids made (be able to use a codon chart and give A.A. from the mRNA strand) • Order and type of A.A. determine type and function of protein • Function of cell determines which part of DNA is used (diff. cells use diff. parts of your DNA); ALL cells in your body have the same DNA)

  4. Enzymes • Enzymes are proteins • They speed up chemical reactions by lowering the amount of energy needed (activation energy) • Enzymes are specific (Ex. Lactase ONLY breaks down the sugar in milk…lactose) • They can also be reused • Can be damaged by heat, pH, etc. • http://www.lpscience.fatcow.com/jwanamaker/animations/Enzyme%20activity.html

  5. More Protein Stuff • Pathway of making a protein • DNA (nucleus)  mRNA (nucleus)  tRNA attaches proper A.A. to codon (cytoplasm and ribosome) • Pathway of protein in a cell • Ribosomes eventually assemble protein • Ribo’s are made in the nucleolus • They leave the nucleus along the E.R. • Assemble protein in the cytoplasm • Protein is packaged, sorted and shipped out by the Golgi

  6. Cells! • Know the function of: • Nucleus • Lysosome • Ribosome • Golgi apparatus • Endoplasmic reticulum • Cell membrane • Mitochondria • chloroplast

  7. Cell Transport • Diffusion: • Movement of any particle from a high concentration to a low concentration • Osmosis: • Diffusion of water (look at the water content to determine which direction it is going to move • Hypo: water in; cell swells • Hyper: water out; cell shrinks • Iso: water in AND out; cells stays the same • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aeYTodBLHno

  8. Photosynthesis • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LgYPeeABoUs • Remember • Most life depends on plants for food in the form of carbohydrates • The sugar made during photosynthesis is glucose, a monosaccharide

  9. Cellular Respiration • ALL cells respirate…even bacteria! • What process does the oxygen you breathe come from? • CR is very important b/c each process makes 36 ATP’s which is the energy molecule needed to carry on our daily activities • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nGRDa_YXXQA

  10. Mitosis & MeiosisCell Division • Body cells (skin, liver, heart, etc.) • Makes 2 new cells from 1 • Identical to the original • Gametes! Sex cells • Remember….sex is not a game! • Egg, sperm, pollen, etc. • 4 new cells from 1 original • Genetically DIFFERENT from parent cell

  11. Genetics • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bVk0twJYL6Y • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qcmdb25Rnyo

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