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The Human Body: An Orientation

1. The Human Body: An Orientation. P A R T B. Anatomical Position. Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from body. Figure 1.7a. Directional Terms. Superior : toward the head Inferior : away from the head

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The Human Body: An Orientation

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  1. 1 The Human Body: An Orientation P A R T B

  2. Anatomical Position • Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from body Figure 1.7a

  3. Directional Terms • Superior: toward the head • Inferior: away from the head Example: The knees are inferior to the belly button. • Anterior: toward the front of the body • Posterior:toward the back of the body Example: The nose is on the anterior side of the body. • Lateral: away from the midline

  4. Directional Terms • Lateral: away from the midline • Medial: toward the midline Example: The lips are medial to the ears. • Proximal: closer to the trunk of the body • Distal: farther from the trunk of the body Example: The fingers are distal to the wrist.

  5. Superficial: toward the body surface • Deep– away from the body surface Example:The skin is a superficial organ. The thigh muscles are deep to the skin.

  6. Anatomical Variability • Humans vary slightly in both external and internal anatomy • Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descriptions, but: • Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of place • Small muscles may be missing • Extreme anatomical variations are seldom seen

  7. Directional Terms Table 1.1a

  8. Directional Terms Table 1.1b

  9. Body Planes Figure 1.8

  10. Body Planes • Sagittal – divides the body into right and left parts • Midsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies on the midline • Frontal or coronal – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts • Transverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts • Oblique section – cuts made diagonally

  11. Body Cavities • Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions • Cranial cavity – within the skull; encases the brain • Vertebral cavity – runs within the vertebral column; encases the spinal cord • Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two

  12. Body Cavities • Thoracic cavity is subdivided into two pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity • Pleural cavities – each houses a lung • Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity; surrounds the remaining thoracic organs • Pericardial cavity – encloses the heart

  13. Body Cavities • The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragm • It is composed of two subdivisions • Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs • Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

  14. Body Cavities D O R S A L C A V I T Y cranial cranial V E N T R A L C A V I T Y vertebral mediastinum thoracic pleural pericardial diaphragm vertebral Abdomino- Pelvic abdominal pelvic Figure 1.9a

  15. Cranial cavity Vertebral cavity Superior mediastinum Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Diaphragm Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdomino- pelvic cavities) Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Abdomino- pelvic cavity Key: Pelvic cavity (contains bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity (b) Anterior view Body Cavities Figure 1.9b

  16. Other Body Cavities • Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organs • Nasal –located within and posterior to the nose • Orbital – house the eyes • Middle ear – contains bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations • Synovial – joint cavities

  17. Other Body Cavities Figure 1.13

  18. Ventral Body Cavity Membranes • Parietal serosalines internal body walls • Visceral serosacovers the internal organs • Serous fluid separates the serosae

  19. Heart Serosae Figure 1.10b

  20. Serous Membrane Relationship Figure 1.10a

  21. Abdominopelvic Quadrants • Right upper • Left upper • Right lower • Left lower Figure 1.12

  22. Abdominopelvic Regions Figure 1.11a

  23. Organs of the Abdominopelvic Regions Figure 1.11b

  24. Nasal (nose) Frontal (forehead) Oral (mouth) Orbital (eye) Buccal (cheek) Cervical (neck) Mental (chin) (a) Anterior Regional Terms: Anterior View Figure 1.7a

  25. Nasal (nose) Frontal (forehead) Oral (mouth) Orbital (eye) Buccal (cheek) Cervical (neck) Mental (chin) Acromial (point of shoulder) Sternal (breastbone) Axillary (armpit) Thoracic (chest) Abdominal (abdomen) Mammary (breast) Brachial (arm) Antecubital (front of elbow) Antebrachial (forearm) Umbilical (navel) Pelvic (pelvis) Carpal (wrist) Pollex (thumb) Palmar (palm) Digital (fingers) (a) Anterior Regional Terms: Anterior View Figure 1.7a

  26. Nasal (nose) Frontal (forehead) Oral (mouth) Orbital (eye) Buccal (cheek) Cervical (neck) Mental (chin) Acromial (point of shoulder) Sternal (breastbone) Axillary (armpit) Thoracic (chest) Abdominal (abdomen) Mammary (breast) Brachial (arm) Antecubital (front of elbow) Antebrachial (forearm) Umbilical (navel) Pelvic (pelvis) Carpal (wrist) Pollex (thumb) Palmar (palm) Coxal (hip) Digital (fingers) Inguinal (groin) Pubic (genital region) Femoral (thigh) Patellar (anterior knee) Fibular, or peroneal (side of leg) Crural (leg) Tarsal (ankle) Hallux (great toe) Pedal (foot) Digital (toes) (a) Anterior Regional Terms: Anterior View Figure 1.7a

  27. Otic (ear) Cephalic (head) Occipital (back of head or base of skull) (b) Posterior Regional Terms: Posterior View Figure 1.7b

  28. Otic (ear) Cephalic (head) Occipital (back of head or base of skull) Acromial (point of shoulder) Vertebral (spinal column) Scapular (shoulder blade) Brachial (arm) Upper extremity Dorsum or dorsal (back) Olecranal (back of elbow) Lumbar (loin) Sacral (between hips) Manus (hand) (b) Posterior Regional Terms: Posterior View Figure 1.7b

  29. Otic (ear) Cephalic (head) Occipital (back of head or base of skull) Acromial (point of shoulder) Vertebral (spinal column) Scapular (shoulder blade) Brachial (arm) Upper extremity Dorsum or dorsal (back) Olecranal (back of elbow) Lumbar (loin) Sacral (between hips) Manus (hand) Gluteal (buttock) Perineal (region between the anus and external genitalia) Lower extremity Femoral (thigh) Popliteal (back of knee) Sural (calf) Calcaneal (heel) Plantar (sole) (b) Posterior Regional Terms: Posterior View Figure 1.7b

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