The Human Body: An Orientation

The Human Body: An Orientation

The Human Body – An Orientation I. Introduction 1) Compare/contrast Anatomy & Physiology 2) Are the following considered Gross or Histology? 3) Anatomy and physiology are always related. Structure determines function 4) Levels of organization a) Simplest level is the atomic or chemical level b) Levels of living structure: Cell Tissue Organ System Organism

Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1

II. System Overview 1) Integumentary a) Skin (External covering) & its derivatives b) Waterproofs, cushions and protects organs, regulates temperature and excretes salts, Protects deeper tissue from injury Figure 1.2a

Organ System Overview 2) Skeletal a) Bones, cartilage and ligaments b) Protects, provides framework, movement, stores minerals, produces blood cells Figure 1.2b

Organ System Overview 3) Muscular: a) Skeletal muscles b) Movement & produces heat Figure 1.2c

Organ System Overview 4) Nervous a) Nerves, brain and spinal cord b) Fast-acting controlsystem & responds to internal andexternal change Figure 1.2d

Organ System Overview 5) Endocrine a) Ductless glands b) Controls slow, long lasting processes by producing hormones Figure 1.2e

Organ System Overview 6) Cardiovascular a)Heart, blood and vessels b) Transports materials and protects from invaders Figure 1.2f

Organ System Overview 7) Lymphatic a) Lymph nodes, lymph and vessels b) Returns fluid to blood and fight infection Figure 1.2g

Organ System Overview 8) Respiratory a) Nose, pharynx, larynx, bronchi, lungs and diaphragm b) Brings in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide Figure 1.2h

Organ System Overview 9) Digestive a) Mouth, esophagus, stomach, SI, LI, liver and pancreas b) Breaks down and absorbs food Figure 1.2i

Organ System Overview 10) Urinary a) Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder and urethra b) Filters wastes from the blood Figure 1.2j

Organ System Overview 11) Reproductive a) Ovaries, testes and accessory structures b) Produce the gametes for reproduction Figure 1.2k

III. Necessary Life Functions 1) Characteristics of living things a) Maintain boundaries b) Move c) Irritability (Responsiveness): d) Digestion e) Metabolism: f) Excretion g) Growth: h) Reproduction:

2) Survival needs: food, oxygen, water and appropriate temperature and atmospheric pressure 3) Control mechanism a) Communication within the body is essential for homeostasis b) There are 3 components of a control mechanism

1. Receptor: sensor responding to changes 2. Control center: determines the maintained level and analyzes the information from receptors to determine proper response 3. Effector: The means for the control c) Feedback: 1. Positive: The response increases the effect of the control mechanism 2. Negative: The response stops the effect of the mechanism (Most common)

Overview of Homeostasis Figure 1.4 d) Homeostatic imbalance:

IV. The Language of Anatomy 1) To prevent misunderstanding, there is a set of terms that allow structures to be easily located 2) Anatomical position a) In anatomy the body is always assumed to be in this position b) The body standing straight, head and palms forward, arms out to the side 3) Figure 1.5 page 12 shows many of the body region names

Body Landmarks • Posterior • Anterior Figure 1.5a

4) Directional terms a) These are used by medical personnel and anatomist to explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another b) Know table 1.1 (page 14) and be able to use them properly (example page 13)

Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1

Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1 (cont)

5) Planes and sections: a) Know page 16 top pictures

6) Cavities: a) Dorsal: Cranial (brain) & Spinal (spinal cord) b) Ventral: Thoracic (chest) & abdominopelvic 7) Medical divisions: a) Quadrants (divides the body into 4 parts) b) Regions (Page 19, Fig. 1.8 B) Know these 9 areas

Body Cavities Figure 1.7

Abdominopelvic Regions Figure 1.8b

The Human Body: An Orientation