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How does the sun supply living things with the energy they need?

Section 1: Photosynthesis. How does the sun supply living things with the energy they need? What happens during the process of photosynthesis?. Sources of Energy. Nearly all living things obtain energy either directly or indirectly from the energy of sunlight captured during photosynthesis.

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How does the sun supply living things with the energy they need?

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  1. Section 1: Photosynthesis • How does the sun supply living things with the energy they need? • What happens during the process of photosynthesis?

  2. Sources of Energy • Nearly all living things obtain energy either directly or indirectly from the energy of sunlight captured during photosynthesis.

  3. Autotroph vs. Heterotroph • Autotroph: any organism that makes its own food using the energy of the sunlight captured by photosynthesis • Examples: plants, green algae • Heterotroph: an organism that can not make its own food, so it must consume another organism for energy • Examples: animals, fungi, most bacteria • 95% of all living organisms are heterotrophs. • Both autotrophs and heterotrophs get their energy from the sun. Autotrophs get their energy DIRECTLY from the sun, while heterotrophs get their energy INDIRECTLY.

  4. The Two Stages of Photosynthesis • During photosynthesis, plants and some other organisms use energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and sugars.

  5. The Photosynthesis Equation

  6. Breaking Down the Photosynthesis Equation Raw Materials: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O COO COO HHO HHO COO COO HHO HHO COO COO HHO HHO ________________________ 6 Carbons + 12 Hydrogens + 18 Oxygens Products: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 CCCCCC OO OO HHHHHH OO OO HHHHHH OO OO OOOOOO ________________________ 6 Carbons + 12 Hydrogens + 18 Oxygens

  7. End of Section: Photosynthesis

  8. Section 2: Cellular Respiration • What events occur during cellular respiration? • What is fermentation?

  9. Two Stages of Cellular Respiration • Cellular Respiration: A process where cells break down simple food molecules such as sugar and release the energy they contain.

  10. The Cellular Respiration Equation

  11. Photosynthesis and Respiration • You can think of photosynthesis and cellular respiration as opposite processes.

  12. Fermentation Fermentation: A process that provides cells with energy without using oxygen. • Alcoholic Fermentation: Occurs in yeast and other one-celled organisms. This is the process used to make yeast turn grape juice into wine. • Lactic Acid Fermentation: Occurs in humans and other animals when they exercise and there is a lack of oxygen. This leads the acid taste in your mouth and sore muscles.

  13. End of Section: Respiration

  14. Section 3: Cell Division • What events take place during the three states of the cell cycle? • How does the structure of DNA help account for the way in which DNA copies itself?

  15. The Cell Cycle • Cell Cycle: The regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo. • Made up of 3 stages: • Stage 1: Interphase • Stage 2: Mitosis • Stage 3: Cytokinesis

  16. Interphase • Cells spend most of their time in this phase. • During Interphase, the following 5 events will occur: • The cell will perform its “normal” functions and duties. • The cell will grow to about twice it's original size. • The cell's organelles will make copies of themselves and double in quantity. • The cell's DNA will make a copy of itself right before Mitosis begins. • Once the DNA is copied, the cell will make structures that it will use to help divide itself.

  17. Mitosis • During mitosis, the cell’s nucleus divides into two new nuclei. One copy of the DNA is distributed into each of the two daughter cells.

  18. Mitosis • Four stages in Mitosis: • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase

  19. “Chromatin” winds up into a condensed shape called “chromatid”. Chromatin: unwound DNA Chromatid: wound DNA Mitosis: Prophase

  20. The cell gets ready for the “Tug of War” activity that occurs in Mitosis. Mitosis: Prophase

  21. The cell gets ready for the “Tug of War” activity that occurs in Mitosis. Mitosis: Prophase The pair of centrioles move to opposite sides of the nucleus. Spindle fibers (the “ropes”) form between the centrioles. The nuclear envelope that surrounds the nucleus breaks down.

  22. Mitosis: Metaphase • The chromatids line up on the equator of the cell.

  23. Mitosis: Anaphase • The chromatids separate and move to opposite sides of the cell. • The cell starts to stretch apart as it gets ready for Cytokinesis.

  24. Mitosis: Telophase • Chromatids unwind and return to their string-like chromatin shape. • 2 new nuclear envelopes form to make 2 new nuclei.

  25. Cytokinesis • Must finish after Mitosis or else the cell will split into 2 cells before the DNA is evenly divided. • The 2 new cells are called “daughter cells”. • Each daughter cell is identical to the original parent cell.

  26. The Cell Cycle

  27. D.N.A. • D.N.A. stands for • Deoxyribonucleic Acid. • D.N.A. is the “instruction • manual” or “blueprint” of • all living things.

  28. D.N.A. • A single strand of D.N.A. in each cell is about 6 feet long. Multiplied by all the cells in your body, you have enough D.N.A. to go to the Sun and back about 70 times (the Sun is 93 million miles away).

  29. D.N.A. • D.N.A.'s unique shape was discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, with help from Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin.

  30. D.N.A. • D.N.A. has a double helix structure, which resembles a spiral staircase.

  31. D.N.A. • The sides of the twisted D.N.A. ladder are made up of a sugar called deoxyribose. In between the deoxyribose sugars is a molecule called phosphate.

  32. D.N.A. • The rungs (steps) of the D.N.A. ladder is where we find • the “blueprint” information. These rungs are made up of • only 4 types of nitrogen bases: • Thymine (T) • Adenine (A) • Guanine (G) • Cytosine (C)

  33. D.N.A. • Each rung of the D.N.A. ladder is made up • of a pair of nitrogen bases. • Adenine (A) only pairs up with Thymine (T). • Guanine (G) only pairs up with Cytosine (C).

  34. D.N.A. • D.N.A. is able to make copies of itself by “unzipping” • and filling in the blanks with matching bases.

  35. Structure of DNA • The DNA molecule, supported by proteins, is shaped like a twisted ladder.

  36. Replication of DNA • Because of the way in which the nitrogen bases pair with one another, the order of the bases in each new DNA molecule exactly matches the order in the original DNA molecule.

  37. End of Section: • Cell Division

  38. Section 4: Cell Differentiation • What is differentiation? • What factors influence how and when cells differentiate within different organisms?

  39. Specialized Cells • Plants have undifferentiated cells in their stems and roots that can give rise to different kinds of cells. Leaf cell Undifferentiated plant cell Transport cell Root cell

  40. End of Section:Cell Differentiation

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