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Organic Chemistry Nucleic acids: DNA,RNA

Organic Chemistry Nucleic acids: DNA,RNA. AP Biology. 2006-2007. Nucleic Acids. Information storage. AP Biology. 2006-2007. proteins. DNA. Nucleic Acids. Function: genetic material stores information genes blueprint for building proteins DNA → RNA → proteins

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Organic Chemistry Nucleic acids: DNA,RNA

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  1. Organic Chemistry Nucleic acids:DNA,RNA AP Biology 2006-2007

  2. Nucleic Acids Informationstorage AP Biology 2006-2007

  3. proteins DNA Nucleic Acids • Function: • genetic material • stores information • genes • blueprint for building proteins • DNA → RNA → proteins • transfers information (self-replicating) • blueprint for new cells • blueprint for next generation AP Biology

  4. T G A C T A C A G G A T C AP Biology

  5. RNA DNA Nucleic Acids • Examples: • RNA (ribonucleic acid) • single helix • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) • double helix • Structure: • monomers = nucleotides AP Biology

  6. Nitrogen baseI’m the A,T,C,G or Upart! Are nucleic acidscharged molecules? Nucleotides • 3 parts • nitrogen base (C-N ring) • pentose sugar (5C) • ribose in RNA • deoxyribose in DNA • phosphate(PO4)group AP Biology

  7. Purine = AG Pure silver! Types of nucleotides • 2 types of nucleotides • different nitrogen bases • purines • double ring N base • adenine (A) • guanine (G) • pyrimidines • single ring N base • cytosine (C) • thymine (T) • uracil (U) AP Biology

  8. Dangling bases?Why is this important? Nucleic polymer • Backbone • sugar to PO4 bond • phosphodiester bond • new base added to sugar of previous base • polymer grows in one direction • N bases hang off the sugar-phosphate backbone AP Biology

  9. Matching bases?Why is this important? Pairing of nucleotides • Nucleotides bond between DNA strands • H bonds • purine :: pyrimidine • A :: T • 2 H bonds • G :: C • 3 H bonds AP Biology

  10. H bonds? What are they?Why is this important? DNA molecule • Double helix • H bonds between bases join the 2 strands • A :: T • C :: G AP Biology

  11. Matching halves?Why is this a good system? Copying DNA • Replication • 2 strands of DNA helix are complementary • have one, can build other • have one, can rebuild the whole AP Biology

  12. When does a cell copy DNA? • When in the life of a cell does DNA have to be copied? • cell reproduction • mitosis • gamete production • meiosis AP Biology

  13. DNA replication • “It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material.” • James Watson • Francis Crick • 1953 AP Biology

  14. 1953 | 1962 Watson and Crick … and others… AP Biology

  15. 1953 | 1962 Maurice Wilkins… and… AP Biology

  16. Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958) AP Biology

  17. Interesting note… • Ratio of A-T::G-C affects stability of DNA molecule • 2 H bonds vs. 3 H bonds • biotech procedures • more G-C = need higher T° to separate strands • high T° organisms • many G-C • parasites • many A-T (don’t know why) AP Biology

  18. Another interesting note… • ATPAdenosine triphosphate • modified nucleotide • adenine (AMP) + Pi + Pi + + AP Biology

  19. HELIXHELIX AP Biology

  20. Macromolecule Review AP Biology 2006-2007

  21. Carbohydrates • Structure / monomer • monosaccharide • Function • energy • raw materials • energy storage • structural compounds • Examples • glucose, starch, cellulose, glycogen glycosidic bond AP Biology

  22. Lipids • Structure / building block • glycerol, fatty acid, cholesterol, H-C chains • Function • energy storage • membranes • hormones • Examples • fat, phospholipids, steroids ester bond (in a fat) AP Biology

  23. Proteins • Structure / monomer • amino acids • levels of structure • Function • enzymes ◆ defense • transport ◆ structure • signals ◆ receptors • Examples • digestive enzymes, membrane channels, insulin hormone, actin peptide bond AP Biology

  24. Nucleic acids • Structure / monomer • nucleotide • Function • information storage & transfer • Examples • DNA, RNA phosphodiester bond AP Biology

  25. Let’s buildsome DNA, baby! AP Biology

  26. Ghosts of Lectures Past(storage) AP Biology 2007-2008

  27. Building the polymer AP Biology

  28. RNA & DNA • RNA • single nucleotide chain • DNA • double nucleotide chain • N bases bond in pairs across chains • spiraled in a double helix • double helix 1st proposed as structure of DNA in 1953 by James Watson & Francis Crick(just celebrated 50th anniversary in 2003!) AP Biology

  29. Passing on information?Why is this important? Information polymer • Function • series of bases encodes information • like the letters of a book • stored information is passed from parent to offspring • need to copy accurately • stored information = genes • genetic information AP Biology

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