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Margaret Harlow

Margaret Harlow. Evan-Ben-Rebecca-Edwin. Historical Antecedents. Motivation for action originally described“drive”. Term “drive” first coined by Woodworth in 1918. Freud's “Primary Drive Theory”. Hull’s “Principles of Behavior” (1943).

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Margaret Harlow

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  1. Margaret Harlow Evan-Ben-Rebecca-Edwin

  2. Historical Antecedents • Motivation for action originally described“drive”. • Term “drive” first coined by Woodworth in 1918. • Freud's “Primary Drive Theory”. • Hull’s “Principles of Behavior” (1943). • During this time motivation was seen as primarily resulting from biological needs.

  3. Historical Antecedents • Cognition theory. • Tolman’s 1948 rat maze experiments. • Shows learning is goal-orientated, and purposeful. • Believed motivation was based on deprivation and incentives.

  4. Extraneous Struggles endured • Margaret overcame… • The Great Depression • World War II • The Korean War • Recession

  5. Society’s Confinements Legislation Men: Women Pay scale

  6. Competitors 1942 Piaget: Psychology of Intelligence 1943 Hull: Principles of Behavior 1948 Skinner: Walden II 1950 May: The Meaning of Anxiety 1950 Erickson: Childhood and Society 1951 Rogers: Client-centered Therapy 1954 Jung: Von dem Wurzehn des Bewussteins 1954 Allport: The Nature of Prejudice 1954 Maslow: Motivation and Personality

  7. #1 biggest obstacle personally and professionally….. Gender

  8. Women in the 1940’s-1950’s • Zeitgeist was repressive toward females • Graduated in 1944 with her Ph.D

  9. Expectations • 1950’s “typical woman” • Societies High Expectations

  10. Vast Differences The American Psychological Association was founded in 1872. BUT….

  11. Moving on Up Back Then In 1950 women earned 14.8% of doctorates in Psychology. In 1984 women participants in the psychology field were ranked equal with men

  12. Now As of 2004 women earn 67.4% of the doctorates in Psychology. In 1997 women surpassed men making up 66.6% of the psychology field.

  13. Experiments and Research data Ben Kindell

  14. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Editor • Margaret Harlow • Two Articles • “…during this period that the journal broke with tradition and actively encouraged the publication of developmental articles.”

  15. Experiments • Performance of Infant Rhesus Monkeys on Discrimination Learning, Delayed Response, and Discrimination Learning Set. • Article One

  16. Discrimination Phase Article One • Five groups: 60-90-150-360-120 • 150 efficiency peak • Discrimination Reward

  17. Delayed Response Phase • Instructed Behind Opaque Glass • Isosceles Triangle • The Grape

  18. Development • Nine Month Old • Performs near adult levels • Performance Peaks at 150 days of age • “Long period of increasing capability, and there is a period beyond which learning does not improve”

  19. Experiments • Learning Motivated by a Manipulation Drive

  20. Motivation Drive Article two • 8 Monkeys • Group A: NO FOOD • Group B: Extrinsic Reward?

  21. Baited • Group: food beneath hasp • Error • Disruption CI=1

  22. Experiments • “… a manipulation drive can best account for the behavior.” • The drive to manipulate is present before food introduction and dissolves with food brought in. • Edwin talks about strengths and weaknesses

  23. Strength’s Subjects Rhesus Monkey’s Theoretically based research Experimental environment - Lab equipment - Upbringing Data Collection Administrative skills

  24. Weakness Over shadowed - Harry Harlow - Other’s Unethical research methods Humanistic school of thought

  25. Influence of the Individual over time… • Her research is cited and referenced all over the world.

  26. Influence • Research into child development – deprivation • Psychotherapy and the single synapse • Book “Understanding children’s development” • Body pleasure and the origins of violence • Awards • 1972 G. Stanley Hall Margaret Harlow Harry Harlow Jean MacFarlane

  27. Influenced Many Areas… • Sociology • Motivation • Psychology • Behavior • Child Development • Sexuality • Animal Behavior • Society

  28. Summary • Margaret overcame. • encouraged the publication of developmental articles • Humanistic school of thought

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