File Processing : Query Processing

File Processing : Query Processing 2011, Spring Pusan National University Ki-Joune Li

Basic Concepts of Query • Query • Retrieve records satisfying predicates • Types of Query • Operators • Aggregate Query • Sorting

Predicate Select Relational Operators : Select • Selection (condition) • Retrieve records satisfying predicates • Example • Find Student where Student.Score > 3.5 • score>3.5(Student) • Index or Hash

Interesting attributes to get Extract Relational Operators : Project • Project (attributes) • Extract interesting attributes • Example • Find Student.name where score > 3.5 • name(acore>3.5(Student)) • Full Scan

r11 r21 r11 r22 … … r11 r2n R1 R2 r12 r21 r11 r21 r12 r22 r12 r22 … … … … r12 r2n r1m r2n … … r1m r21 r1m r22 … … r1m r2n Cartesian Product • Cartesian Product () • Two Tables : R1 R2 • Produce all cross products • Join ( )  =

Join • Join ( ) • Select combined records of cartesian product with same value of a common attribute (Natural Join) • Example Student (StudentName, AdvisorProfessorID, Department, Score) Professor(ProfessorName, ProfessorID, Department) Student AdivsorProfessorID=ProfessorID Professor =  AdivsorProfessorID=ProfessorID(Student Professor) • Double Scan : Expensive Operation

   Relational Algebra • Relational Algebra • Operand : Table (Relation) • Operator : Relational Operator (, , , etc) • Example: SQL and relational algebra • find Student.Name from Student, Professorwhere Student.Score > 3.5 and Student.AdvisorProfessorID=Professor.ID and Professor.Department=‘CSE’ student.name(score>3.5(Student) Department=‘CSE’ (Professor) ) • Relational Algebra Specifies the sequence of operations

Query Processing Mechanism • Query Processing Steps 1. Parsing and translation 2. Optimization 3. Evaluation

Parsing and Translation • Parsing Query Statement (e.g. in SQL) • Translation into relational algebra • Equivalent Expression • For a same query statement several relation algebraic expressions are possible • Example • name(balance  2500(account )) name (balance 2500(name, balance(account))) • Different execution schedules • Query Execution Plan (QEP) • Determined by relational algebra • Several QEPs may be produced by Parsing and Translation

Query Optimization • Choose ONE QEP among QEPs based on • Execution Cost of each QEP, where cost means execution time • How to find cost of each QEP ? • Real Execution • Exact but Not Feasible • Cost Estimation • Types of Operations • Number of Records • Selectivity • Distribution of data

Cost Model : Basic Concepts • Cost Model : Number of Block Accesses • Cost C = Cindex + Cdata where Cindex : Cost for Index Access Cdata : Cost for Data Block Retrieval • Cindex vs. Cdata ? • Cindex: depends on index • Cdata • depends on selectivity • Random Access or Sequential Access • Selectivity • Number (or Ratio) of Objects Selected by Query

Cost Model : Type of Operations • Cost model for each type of operations • Select • Project • Join • Aggregate Query • Query Processing Method for each type of operations • Index/Hash or Not

Cost Model : Number of Records • Number of Records • Nrecord Nblocks • Number of Scans • Single Scan • O(N) : Linear Scan • O(logN ) : Index • Multiple Scans • O(NM ) : Multiple Linear Scans • O(N logM ) : Multiple Scans with Index

Selectivity • Selectivity • Affects on Cdata • Random Access • Scattered on several blocks • Nblock Nselected • Sequential Access • Contiguously stored on blocks • Nblock= Nselected / Bf

Frequency 30 50 60 70 80 90 100 40 Selectivity Estimation • Selectivity Estimation • Depends on Data Distribution • Example • Q1 : Find students where 60 < weight < 70 • Q2 : Find students where 80 < weight < 90 • How to find the distribution • Parametric Method • e.g. Gaussian Distribution • No a priori knowledge • Non-Parametric Method • e.g. Histogram • Smoothing is necessary • Wavelet, Discrete Cosine

Select : Linear Search • Algorithm : linear search • Scan each file block and test all records to see whether they satisfy the selection condition. • Cost estimate (number of disk blocks scanned) = br • br denotes number of blocks containing records from relation r • If selection is on a key attribute (sorted), cost = (br /2) • stop on finding record • Linear search can be applied regardless of • selection condition or • ordering of records in the file, or • availability of indices

Select : Range Search • Algorithm : primary index, comparison • Relation is sorted on A • For A  V (r) • Step 1: use index to find first tuple  v and • Step 2: scan relation sequentially • For AV (r) • just scan relation sequentially till first tuple > v; do not use index • Algorithm : secondary index, comparison • For A  V (r) • Step 1: use index to find first index entry  v and • Step 2: scan index sequentially to find pointers to records. • For AV (r) • scan leaf nodes of index finding pointers to records, till first entry > v

Select : Range Search • Comparison between • Searching with Index and • Linear Search • Secondary Index • retrieval of records that are pointed to • requires an I/O for each record • Linear file scan may be cheaper • if records are scattered on many blocks • clustering is important for this reason

Select : Complex Query • Conjunction : 1  2 . . . n(r) • Algorithm : selection using one index • Step 1: Select a condition of i (i (r) ) • Step 2: Test other conditions on tuple after fetching it into memory buffer. • Algorithm :selection using multiple-key index • Use appropriate multiple-attribute index if available. • Algorithm :selection by intersection of identifiers • Step 1: Requires indices with record pointers. • Step 2: Intersection of all the obtained sets of record pointers. • Step 3: Then fetch records from file • Disjunction : 1 2 . . . n (r) • Algorithm :Disjunctive selection by union of identifiers

Join Operation • Several different algorithms to implement joins • Nested-loop join • Block nested-loop join • Indexed nested-loop join • Merge-join • Hash-join • Choice based on cost estimate • Examples use the following information • Number of records of (S)customer: 10,000 (R)depositor: 5000 • Number of blocks of customer: 400 depositor: 100 • Blocking factors of customer : 250 depositor: 50

Nested-Loop Join • Algorithm NLJ the theta join rsFor each tuple tr in r do begin For each tupletsin s do begintest pair (tr,ts) to see if they satisfy the join condition  if they do, add tr• ts to the result.EndEnd • r : outerrelation, s : inner relation. • No indices, any kind of join condition. • Expensive

Example: Nested-Loop Join s1 r1 s2 r2 B2 B1 B100 B1 … … r50 s250 r51 s251 r52 B2 … … s500 r100 … … s9751 r4951 s9752 r4952 … … B400 s10000 r5000

Nested-Loop Join : Performance • Worst case • the estimated cost is nr bs + brdisk accesses, if not enough memory only to hold one block of each relation, • Example • 5000  400 + 100 = 2,000,100 disk accesses with depositor as outer relation, and • 1000  100 + 400 = 1,000,400 disk accesses with customer as the outer relation. • If the smaller relation fits entirely in memory, • use that as the inner relation. • Reduces cost to br + bsdisk accesses. • If smaller relation (depositor) fits entirely in memory, cost estimate will be 500 disk accesses.

No disk access required Disk access happens here Block Nested-Loop Join • Algoritm BNLJ For each block Br ofr do Get Block Br For each block Bs of s do Get Block Bs For each tuple trin Br do For each tuple tsin Bsdo Check if (tr, ts) satisfy the join condition if they do, add tr• tsto the result.End End End End No disk access required

Example: Block-Oriented Nested-Loop Join s1 r1 s2 r2 B2 B1 B100 B1 … … r50 s250 r51 s251 r52 B2 … … s500 r100 … … s9751 r4951 s9752 r4952 … … B400 s10000 r5000

Block Nested-Loop Join : Performance • Worst case • Estimate: br bs + br block accesses. • Each block in the inner relation s is read once for each block in the outer relation (instead of once for each tuple in the outer relation) • Improvements : If M blocks can be buffered • use (M-2) disk blocks as blocking unit for outer relations, • use remaining two blocks to buffer inner relation and output • Then the cost becomes br / (M-2) bs + br

Indexed Nested-Loop Join • Index lookups can replace file scans if • join is an equi-join or natural join and • an index is available on the inner relation’s join attribute • Can construct an index just to compute a join. • Algorithm INLJ For each block Br ofr do Get Block Br For each tuple trin Br do Search Index (IDXr , tr.key) if found, add tr• tsto the result. End End

Indexed Nested-Loop Join : Performance • Worst case • buffer has space for only one page of r, • Cost of the join: br + nr c • Where c is the cost of traversing index and fetching matching tuple • Number of matching tuples may be greater than one. • If indices are available on join attributes of both r and s, • use the relation with fewer tuples as the outer relation

Example of Nested-Loop Join Costs • Assume depositor customer, • with depositor as the outer relation. • customer have a primary B+-tree index on the join attribute customer-name, which contains 20 entries in each index node. • customer has 10,000 tuples, • the height of the tree is 4, and • one more access is needed to find the actual data • Depositor has 5000 tuples • Cost of block nested loops join • 400*100 + 100 = 40,100 disk accesses assuming worst case memory • Cost of indexed nested loops join • 100 + 5000 * 5 = 25,100 disk accesses.

Hash-Join • Applicable for equi-joins and natural joins. • A hash function h is used to partition tuples of both relations • h : A→ { 0, 1, ..., n } • r0, r1, . . ., rn : partitions of r tuples • s0, s1. . ., sn : partitions of s tuples • r tuples in rineed only to be compared with s tuples in si .

File Processing : Query Processing