Ecology

1. By: Canyon, Ben, and Tommy Ecology

2. a. Explain how multi-cellular organisms meet their needs in different ways

3. Multi-Cellular Organisms Definition- a living form that consists of multiple cells to perform vital life functions Examples Animal Plant

4. Meeting Living Requirements Multi-Cellular organisms would not survive without meeting basic living requirements. 1. Systems Working Together 2. Nutrition 3. Gas Exchange 4. Responding to the Environment 5. Locomotion and Movement

5. 1. Systems Working Together Multi-cellular organisms are made up of different systems such as the respiratory and digestive. In order for the organism to thrive, the systems must work together as a unit for the benefit of their host.

6. 2. Nutrition In order to obtain energy, multi-cellular organisms require nutrition. To do this, the organism must produce or acquire food. The food eaten is broken down into nutrients to provide energy.

7. 3. Gas Exchange Some gases are mandatory for organisms. For example, animals inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. The organisms dissolves the gas and transports it where necessary.

8. 4. Responding to the Environment Multi-Cellular organisms are prone to response in changes in the surrounding environment. For example, humans have a nervous system that responds senses such as sight and touch.

9. 5. Locomotion and Movement Multi-Cellular organisms need to move. Plants and animals both move in order to survive. For example, humans have a musculoskeletal system that consists of bones that support muscles in the body.

10. b. Explain how plants are producers; adapt to different environments; respond to their environment and respond to seasonal changes. Explain how seeds are an important adaptation and how some plants reproduce with seeds.

11. Plants Produce Plants are autotroph, which means “self-feeders.” They absorb sunlight and create glucose from photosynthesis. This means plants are producers because they don’t consume other organisms for energy.

12. Plants Respond to Environment Plants respond to environmental factors or conditions in order maintain prosperity. Desert- store water in leaves or stems Temperate Grassland- Resist fire Tropical Rainforest- Grow on other plants for sunlight Temperate Rainforest- Increase in height

13. Plants Respond to Environment (continued) Temperate Deciduous Forest- thick bark to protect against winter Taiga- Coating prevents evaporation Tundra- Grow in clumps to protect one another In water- Produce seeds that float

14. Plants Respond to Seasonal Change As the year progresses, seasons shift from season to season. This means that plants must continue to adapt to the constant weather changes.

15. Plants Respond to Seasonal Change (continued) For example- • Shorter days = state of dormancy • Cold weather = state of dormancy • Shorter period of daylight = not enough sunlight for photosynthesis • A few plants reproduce during winter or autumn (short day plants) • Some plants reproduce during spring and winter (long day plants)

16. Plants Seeds Seeds are important to the everyday life of most plants. A seed is a young plant protected by the coating. Seeds are a necessary adaption to life because they promote new life. Seeds soon become full-grown plants.

17. c. Explain how animals are consumers; how they obtain energy from food; how they interact with the environment and with other organisms; and how they respond to seasonal changes.

18. Animals Consume Animals are consumers because they eat plants or other animals for energy. Because animals are not able to perform processes like photosynthesis, they require consumption of other organisms or their products. The food is then digested into energy.

19. Interaction with the Environment Animals interact with both the environment and other animals. Environment Animals live in biomes and within that, ecosystems. The only way to avoid extinction is to interact and adapt with the environment. An example of this is seen with bear hibernation in the winter. The bear adapts to the environmental changes.

20. Interaction with Other Organisms Animals interact with both the environment and other animals. Other Organisms Ecosystems contain a variety of different animals and their species. It is inevitable and important that animals interact with others. This includes food chain/webs, adaptations, and symbiosis. For example, lions feed on zebras, which demonstrates a predator/prey relationship.

21. Respond to Seasonal Change The world is always changing. This includes weather or seasonal change. Animals could not live through the seasons without some form of adaption. An example of this is shown in bird migration. Birds fly south for the winter in response to seasonal change. Because of the change in climate, there is a lack in food, resulting in migration.

22. d. Explain how organisms occupy specific living areas (species, habitat, populations); explain each of the 5 levels of the environment (organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome.); explain the types of patterns that exist in populations.

23. Organisms Occupy Specific Living Areas Living things are grouped together based on characteristics they share. Species: The species is the smallest grouping of organisms. Species can reproduce. An organism is considered a species if it and another organism can produce offspring that can also produce offspring because they are so similar. Habitat: A habitat is a natural or specific place where organisms live. The type of habitat is described by it physical characteristics. Specific animals and plants live in certain habitats based on the resources it provides. Some plants can only grow in certain places and animals that get resources from those plants will determine the habitats they will live well in. Population: A group of organisms or species in a specific area is a population. A population is defined by the boundaries of the area they are in; species that are in live in different areas are a part of different populations even if they are the same species. A group of animals, plants, bacteria, fungi, people, or any living thing is a biological population.

24. 5 Levels of the Environment Organisms: The smallest of the five levels, it is any living species in a specific area. This can be an animal, plant, or humans. Population: Same as the previous slide, a population is organisms living together in a specific area. Community: A community is different populations interacting with each other. Ecosystem: An ecosystem is a community, that interacts with each other and their surroundings, in their physical environment. Biome: Characterized by specific plants, animals, and climate, a biome is a larger, more complex ecosystem. The earth has seven biomes: Desert, Tundra, Taiga, Savanna, Grassland, Temperate Deciduous Forest, Tropical Rainforest.

25. Organism’s Occupation A niche is the “occupation” of an organism. It defines the role of an organism in an ecosystem, such as a “fish-eating wader” for a heron, or a “plant-juice-sipping summer buzzer” for a cicada. An organism’s niche may change during different life stages. 1. Organisms occupy living areas 2. 5 levels of the environment (organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome 3. Explains the types of patterns that exist in populations

26. e. Explain the different ways organisms can interact; and how the survival of one species might depend on another (symbiosis, mutualism, commensalism, parasitism); and how these relationships can be very complex.

27. Symbiotic Relationships Symbiotic Relationships- An interaction between two organisms that results in benefit, harm, or neutrality. Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Predation, Competition

28. Mutualism Mutualism where two animals of different species work together and interact to benefit both animals Catdog

29. Commensalism Commensalism where two animals interact with each other and one animal is benefited and the other is not harmed or helped.  Milking Cows

30. Parasitism Parasitism is a form of interaction where one animal takes advantage of another, harming one and benefiting the other Drake & Josh (Megan)

31. Predation Predation is a predator/prey relationship where one animal tries to kill and eat the other Tom & Jerry

32. Competition Competition is where two animals compete against each other for resources in an ecosystem Pokémon

33. f. Explain how populations are always changing (limiting factors, carrying capacity); explain how ecosystems change over time (succession, primary succession, pioneer species, secondary succession.)

34. Changing Populations 1. Popluations are always changing for both limiting factors. Populations of organisms are almost never consistent. Humans, for example, change in numbers daily. 1. Extinction 2. Inability to coherently thrive 3. Consistent reproduction/endurance 4. Unthreatened by loss of population 5. Overabundance of population

35. Created by: • Canyon Littlesalt • Ben Pitts • Tommy Gaudet