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Unit 9: Astronomy

Discover the evolution of the universe's understanding from ancient Greece to modern times, including key figures like Copernicus and Kepler. Learn about gravitational forces, celestial motion, and the composition of stars. Dive into the mysteries of the solar system's origins and the wonders of the sun. Unveil the secrets of light physics, telescopes, and the electromagnetic spectrum. This comprehensive guide covers essential astronomical concepts and historical milestones that have shaped our view of the cosmos.

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Unit 9: Astronomy

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  1. Unit 9: Astronomy Earth Science, Chapters 21-24

  2. Unit Big Idea/Essential Questions • Entire universe is driven by energy: gravity and electromagnetism. • Essential Questions1.How is the Doppler Effect used to explain movement of the universe? • 2. Explain stellar evolution and how spectroscopes can identify material in a star. • 3. How has the view of the universe changed over time? ES Standards: 4.1, 4.2, 4.3

  3. Key Vocabulary • Aphelion • Declination • Geocentric • Heliocentric • Perihelion • Retrograde motion • Revolution • Rotation • Escape Velocity • Maria • Solar Nebula • Doppler Effect • Nuclear Fusion • Spectroscopy • Absolute/Apparent magnitude • Nebula

  4. Golden Age of Astronomy • Centered in Greece • Used geometry and trigonometry • Geocentric View and Ptolemaic System • Aristotle- Earth is spherical • Eratosthenes- Size of Earth • Aristarchus- Distances from Earth • Hipparchus- Star Catalogue

  5. Modern Astronomy • Copernicus and Heliocentric View • Tycho Brahe and stellar parallax • Kepler and Elliptical orbits • Galileo • Netwon and Laws of Motion

  6. Law of Universal Gravitation

  7. Law of Universal Gravitation • Fgravity= G(m1m2/d2) • Gravitational Constant (G): • 6.67 x 10-11 N*m2/kg2 • Calculate force between an object with 50 kg and another object with 50 kg that are .75 m away from each other. • What is the force when the distance is 2500 m? • What happened to the Force of gravity as distance increased?

  8. Positions in the Sky • 2 mapping Systems • Constellations • Equatorial (declination and right ascension) • Motions of Earth • Rotation • Revolution • Earth-Moon System

  9. Origins of the Solar System • Theories • Big Bang • Nebula • Terrestrial vs. Jovian Planets • Earth’s Moon • Theory of formation • Lunar Surface

  10. Signals From Space • Electromagnetic Spectrum • Physics of Light • Spectrums • Continuous • Dark-Line • Bright-Line • Doppler Effect • Telescopes • Optical • Non-Optical

  11. Sun • Structure • Interior • Visible Surface: photosphere • Atmosphere: chromosphere and corona • Activity • Sunspots • Prominences • Flares

  12. Stars

  13. Question of the Day • How do caves form?

  14. Groundwater • Rate of movement and amount depends on • Porosity • Permeability • Aquitards • Aquifers

  15. Glaciation • Two types • Glacial Movement • Zone of accumulation • Zone of wastage • Erosion by plucking and abrasion

  16. Glacial Features via Erosion • Glacial Trough • Hanging Valleys • Cirques • Aretes • Horns • Fjords

  17. Question of the Day • What are the differences between continental glaciers and alpine glaciers?

  18. Depositional Features • Till vs. Stratified Drift • Glacial Erratics • Moranines • Outwash Plains • Drumlins • Eskers • Kames • Kettle Lakes

  19. Causes of Glaciation • Plate Tectonics • Changes in Earth’s Orbit • Changes in output energy from Sun • Albedo and Atmosphere composition

  20. Wind Erosion and Deposition • Deflations and Abrasion • Loess • Sand Dunes

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